Notes 1 The Concept of Legation 1. The Epistolae Vagantes of Pope Gregory VII (1972), trans. and ed. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford: Clarendon Press), Ep. 21, 56–59. 2. Ibid., pp. 56–59. For other examples, see Das Register Gregors VII. (1920–1923), ed. E. Caspar, 2 vols (Berlin: Weidmann); English translation by H. E. J. Cowdrey (2002) The Register of Pope Gregory VII, 1073–1085 (Oxford: Clarendon Press), II, 40 and V, 2; cf. A. Grosse (1901) Der Romanus Legatus nach der Auffassung Gregors VII (Halle: Kaemmerer & Co.), 8. 3. The Epistolae Vagantes, Ep. 21, pp. 56–59. 4. See the Vatican’s ‘List of Diplomatic Corps’: http://www.vatican.va/phome_ en.htm, date accessed 24 March 2013; cf. M. Oliveri (1980) The Repre- sentatives: The Real Nature and Function of Papal Legates (Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire: Van Duren Publishers); I. Cardinale (1962) Le Saint-Siège et la diplomatie. Aperçu historique, juridique et pratique de la diplomatie pontificale (Paris: Desclee & Cie). 5. Code of Canon Law, book II, c. 5, canon 363: http://www.vatican.va/archive/ ENG1104/__P1B.HTM, date accessed 24 March 2013. 6. Ibid., canon 364. 7. P. Brown (2003) The Rise of Western Christendom: Triumph and Diversity, A.D. 200–1000, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing), 15. 8. Pope Gregory I, Registrum Epistularum, 2 vols., vol. 140, 140A, CCSL (Turnhout: Brepols); English translation by J. R. C. Martyn (2004) The Letters of Gregory the Great, 3 vols (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies Press), 2.5. 9. On this subject, see especially H. Müller (1997) Päpstliche Delegationsgerichts- barkeit in der Normandie (12. und frühes 13. Jahrhundert), 2 vols, Studien und Dokumente zur Gallia Pontificia (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag). 10. Pope Gregory I, Register, 5.59. 11. Pope Alexander II, Diploma de legatione s. Petri Damiani in Gallias, PL 145:857. 12. Ibid. 13. Ivo of Chartres, Decretum, V.349: http://project.knowledgeforge.net/ivo/ decretum.html, date accessed 24 March 2013; Decretum Magistri Gratiani,in Corpus iuris canonici (1879; repr. 1959), ed. E. Friedberg (Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz; repr. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt), C.2 q.6. d.11–12; Pope Innocent III, Epistolae, PL 216:797; Pope Gregory IX, Liber extra, 1. 30. 1. See also R. Hiestand (1993) ‘Les légats pontificaux en France du milieu du XIe à la fin du XIIe siècle’, L’Église de France et la Papauté (Xe–XIIIe siècle), 56; cf. R. C. Figueira (1983) ‘The Classification of Medieval Papal Legates in the Liber Extra’, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 21, 211–228. 14. Cf. Bernard of Pavia (1956) Summa decretalium, ed. E. A. T. Laspeyeres (Graz: Akademische Druck- U. Verlagsanstalt), I.XXII, 18; Hostiensis (1574) 175 176 Notes Summa aurea, ed. C. H. de Segusio (Venice: apud Iacobum Vitalem), book 1, col. 317. 15. The Digest of Justinian (1985), ed. T. Mommsen, P. Krueger, A. Watson (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press), I.21.1 and I.21.5, pp. 38–39 respectively; cf. R. C. Figueira (1986) ‘Decretalists, medieval papal legation, and the Roman law of offices and jurisdiction’, Res Publica Litterarum IX, 119–125. 16. Cf. Hostiensis, Summa aurea, book 1, col. 317. For a modern interpretation of the internal ecclesiastical hierarchy of legates, see ‘Legates, Papal’, New Catholic Encyclopedia (2nd edition), p. 450. 17. See J. Gaudemet (1958) L’Eglise dans l’Empire Romain (IVe-Ve siècles), vol. 3, Histoire du droit et des institutions de l’église en Occident (Paris: Sirey), 445–451. 18. Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom,p.4. 19. Ibid., p. 15. 20. Ibid., p. 15. 21. Ibid., p. 15. 22. Ibid., p. 15. 23. J. W. Perrin (1967) ‘Legatus, the Lawyers and the Terminology of Power in Roman Law’, Studia Gratiana 11, 463. 24. Ibid., 463–464. 25. See the classic examples of O. Frommel (1898) Die päpstliche Legatengewalt im deutschen Reiche während des zehnten, elften und zwölften Jahrhunderts (Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung), and O. Engelmann (1913) Die päpstliche Legaten in Deutschland bis zur Mitte des 11. Jahrhunderts (Marburg: Schaaf). 26. R. A. Schmutz (1966) ‘The Foundations of Medieval Papal Representation’ (University of Southern California), p. 14. This criticism holds true for Otto Schumann’s work on German legates in the reigns of Kings Henry IV and Henry V (1056–1125), Johannes Bachmann’s study on legates to Germany and Scandinavia between 1125 and 1159, and Ernst Wermke’s disserta- tion on papal legates and nuncios to Germany under Innocent IV and Alexander IV (1243–1261). But to be fair, the methodology applied to the latter two works in particular reveals a conscious move towards contextu- alizing the legate’s role in ecclesiastical and secular politics, demonstrating an historical awareness for their influence in matters affecting the Roman curia and the imperial court. Building on the scholarship mentioned above, their respective work offers further analysis on the conciliar activity and organization of legation in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, in addition to investigating the relationship between legates and procuratorial powers. The result is a fuller treatment of this office’s institutional history and its application during the Salian and Hohentauften periods. 27. See W. Ohnsorge (1929) ‘Päpstliche und Gegen-päpstliche Legaten in Deutschland und Skandinavien, 1159–1181’, Historische Studien 188; G. Dunken (1931) ‘Die politische Wirksamkeit der päpstlichen Legaten in der Zeit des Kampfes zwischen Kaisertum und Papsttum in Oberitalien under Friedrich I’, Historische Studien 209, pp. 3–177. 28. I. Friedlaender (1928) ‘Die päpstlichen Legaten in Deutschland und Italien am Ende des XII. Jahrhunderts (1181–1198)’, Historische Studien 177, 108ff. Notes 177 29. H. Tillmann (1926) Die päpstlichen Legaten in England bis zur Beendigung der Legation Gualas (1218) (Bonn: H. Ludwig). 30. I. J. Sprey (1998) ‘Papal Legates in English Politics, 1100–1272’ (University of Virginia); C. R. Cliffford (1972) ‘England as Papal Fief: The Role of the Papal Legate in the Early Period, 1216–1241’ (UCLA); and A. Underhill (1965) ‘Papal Legates to England in the Reign of Henry III (1216–1272)’ (Indiana University). 31. See also G. Säbekow (1930) Die päpstlichen Legationem nach Spanien und Portugal bis zum Ausgang des XII. Jahrhunderts (Berlin:E.Ebering). 32. T. Schieffer (1935) ‘Die päpstlichen Legaten in Frankreich vom Vertrage von Meersen (870) bis zum Schisma von 1130’, Historische Studien 263. While Wilhelm Janssen’s history of legation from 1130 to 1198 purports to be a natural extension of Schieffer’s work on France, it has been heav- ily criticized for its lack of depth and categorization, thereby revealing a significant methodological pitfall in nationalist histories of this kind. Adopting the method of his predecessors in the field, Jannsen provides an impressive catalogue of legates under Popes Anacletus II, Innocent II, Lucius II, Eugenius II, Anastasius IV, Hadrian IV, Alexander III, Victor IV, Lucius III, Urban III, Gregory VIII, Clement III, and Celestine III. The prob- lem here (and elsewhere) is often one of ‘under-classification’. That is, certain legatine classes remain undifferentiated in the face of strong legal and administrative evidence; such historical neglect or oversight under- mines the growing specialization of labour within this ecclesiastical office, which comes into sharper focus during the post-church reforming era (post c.1050). To his credit, Jannsen admits to the objective of his study, which did not aspire to analyze systematically the activity of twelfth-century legates in France. By way of conclusion, he presents some standard ‘obser- vations’ (Beobachtung) and summaries on decretalist legatine classifications (Legatenklassen), range (Auswahl), and activity (Tätigkeit). 33. Grosse, Der Romanus Legatus. 34. E. Königer (1910) ‘Studien zur Geschichte des päpstlichen Gesandtschaftswesens’, Jahresbericht der Staats-Realschule in Jägerndorf 33, 3–32. See also his follow-up article of the same title in volume 35 of this journal (1912), 1–27. 35. See T. Massino (1907) Gregor VII im Verhältnis zu seinen Legaten (Greifswald: H. Adler). 36. K. R. Rennie (2010) Law and Practice in the Age of Reform: The Legatine Work of Hugh of Die (1073–1106) (Turnhout: Brepols). 37. See W. Ohnsorge (1928) ‘Die Legaten Alexanders III. im ersten Jahrzehnt seines Pontifikats 1159–1169’, Historische Studien 175, 1–167; M. Pacaut (1955) ‘Les légats d’Alexandre III (1159–1181)’, Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 50, 821–838. 38. H. Zimmermann (1913) Die päpstliche Legation in der ersten hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag). See also A. Pokorny (1886) Die Wirksamkeit der Legaten des Papstes Honorius III. in Frankreich und Deutschland. Eine historische Studie (Krems: L. Oberreal und Handelsschule). 39. Ibid., pp. 10ff. 40. Ibid., pp. 18–20. 178 Notes 41. K. Luxardo (1878) Das päpstlichen Vordekretalen-Gesandtschaftsrecht (Innsbruck: Wagner). 42. The legal status of papal legates is given much fuller treatment by Karl Huess, whose 1912 study examines the legal theory of legation from its origins to the pontificate of Boniface VIII (1294–1303). While establishing some connection between the medieval papal legate and the Roman office of pro- consul, his work has garnered criticism for the absent discussion on Roman legal terminology – a lacuna fully addressed by more recent histogriogra- phy. Paul Hinschius’ multi-volume work on the hierarchy, government, and law of the Roman Church (System des katholischen Kirchenrechts), by com- parison, is considerably more