In the Name of Pauk-Phaw C M Y CM MY CY CMY K The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) was established as an autonomous organization in 1968. It is a regional centre dedicated to the study of socio-political, security and economic trends and developments in Southeast Asia and its wider geostrategic and economic environment. The Institute’s research programmes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies (RSPS), and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS). ISEAS Publishing, an established academic press, has issued more than 2,000 books and journals. It is the largest scholarly publisher of research about Southeast Asia from within the region. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world. 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 2 8/23/11 1:14:51 PM In the Name of Pauk-Phaw Myanmar’s China Policy Since 1948 MAUNG AUNG MYOE INSTITUTE OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES SINGAPORE First published in Singapore in 2011 by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Pasir Panjang Singapore 119614 E-mail: [email protected] Website: <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg> All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. © 2011 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore The responsibility for facts and opinions in this publication rests exclusively with the author and his interpretations do not necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the publisher or its supporters. ISEAS Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Aung Myoe, Maung. In the name of pauk-phaw : Myanmar’s China policy since 1948. 1. Burma—Foreign relations—China. 2. China—Foreign relations—Burma. I. Title. DS528.8 C5A92 2011 ISBN 978-981-4345-17-0 (soft cover) ISBN 978-981-4345-18-7 (E-book, PDF) Typeset by Superskill Graphics Pte Ltd Printed in Singapore by Seng Lee Press Pte Ltd 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 4 8/23/11 1:14:51 PM This work is dedicated to the International Relations Programme (IRP) at the International University of Japan. 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 5 8/23/11 1:14:52 PM 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 6 8/23/11 1:14:52 PM CONTENTS About the Cover ix Acknowledgements xi Chinese Names xiii 1. Introduction 1 2. Sino-Myanmar Relations 1948–1962: The Years of Charting the Water 11 3. Sino-Myanmar Relations 1962–1988: Into the Years of Living Dangerously 57 4. Sino-Myanmar Relations 1988–2010: Towards Closer Cooperation 105 5. Conclusion 179 Appendices 191 Appendix I 193 Appendix II 210 Bibliography 213 Index 219 About the Author 238 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 7 8/23/11 1:14:52 PM 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 8 8/23/11 1:14:52 PM ABOUT THE COVER The pictures of the plate and the cloth that appear on the cover are gifts presented by the Chinese Government to the people of Myanmar in the early 1960s, after the successful completion of the demarcation of Sino-Myanmar boundary and the conclusion of the Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non- Aggression. These items were commonly known in Myanmar as “loving kindness plate (ေမတၱာပန္းကန္ျပား) and loving kindness cloth (ေမတၱာပိတ္)”. The Chinese characters printed on the plate ( ) were ancient Chinese calligraphies written to mean “China-Myanmar Friendship” and they read as 中缅友好 (Zhong Mian Youhao). I should leave a note of thanks to Thone Thone from Green Book Store for helping me to design this cover. 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 9 8/23/11 1:14:53 PM 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 10 8/23/11 1:14:53 PM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I was fortunate to receive exceptional help from a number of people in Myanmar who deserve to be mentioned here but would prefer to remain anonymous. Without their kindness, support and encouragement, this book could not have been accomplished. They have my heartfelt gratitude and thanks. I am particularly grateful to Professor John Welfield for his various insightful comments and suggestions and his painstaking effort in reading through the manuscript. I am benefitted enormously from his wisdom and intellectual motivation. However, I alone take full responsibility for its content. I would like to express my deep appreciation to Asian Research Institute (ARI) and Professor Anthony Reid, former Director of ARI, for giving me an opportunity to work on this manuscript. I should also express my sincere thanks to the ISEAS library and the EAI library in Singapore. I am also grateful to Dr Geoff Wade who has helped me in many ways. Last, not the least, infinite gratitude and special thanks are owed to my family. 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 11 8/23/11 1:14:53 PM 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 12 8/23/11 1:14:53 PM CHINESE NAMES Buhe (布赫) Cao Gangchuang (曹刚川) Chen Bingde (陈炳德) Chen Muhua (陈慕华) Chen Yi (陈毅) Chen Zaidao (陈再道) Chi Haotian (迟浩田) Deng Xiaoping (邓小平) Deng Yingchao (邓颖超) Feng Zhenglin (冯正霖) Fu Quangyou (傅全有) Ge Zhenfeng (葛振峰) Geng Biao (耿飚) Guo Boxiong (郭伯雄) Guo Moruo (郭沫若) He Long (贺龙) He Qizong (何其宗) Hu Jintao (胡锦涛) Hu Yaobang (胡耀邦) Hua Guofeng (华国锋) Huang Hua (黄华) Ismail Amat (司马义•艾买提) Jiang Zemin (江泽民) Keng Sheng (康生) Li Changchun (李长春) 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 13 8/23/11 1:14:53 PM xiv Chinese Names Li Jiulong (李九龙) Li Mi (李弥) Li Peng (李鹏) Li Ruihuan (李瑞环) Li Xiannian (李先念) Li Zhaoxing (李肇星) Liang Guanglie (梁光烈) Lin Biao (林彪) Liu Dongdong (刘冬冬) Liu Shaoqi (刘少奇) Liu Yalou (刘亚楼) Lu Xuejian Luo Gan (罗干) Mao Zedong (毛泽东) Peng Dehuai (彭德怀) Peng Zhen (彭真) Qian Qichen (钱其琛) Qiao Shi (乔石) Qin Jiwei (秦基伟) Soong Ching Ling (宋庆龄) Su Yu (粟裕) Sun Yat-sen (孙逸仙) Sun Zhiqiang (孙志强) Tan Zhenlin (谭震林) Tang Jiaxuan (唐家璇) Wan Li (万里) Wang Dongxing (汪东兴) Wang Guangmei (王光美) Wang Yi (王毅) Wang Zhen (王震) Wen Jiabao (温家宝) Wu Bangguo (吴邦国) Wu De (吴德) Wu Xueqian (吴学谦) Wu Yi (吴仪) Xi Jinping (习近平) Xiao Jingguang (萧劲光) Xie Fuzhi (谢富治) Xu Xin (徐信) Yang Jiechi (杨洁篪) 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 14 8/23/11 1:14:54 PM Chinese Names xv Yang Shangkun (杨尚昆) Yeo Wenyuan (姚文元) Zhang Chunqiao (张春桥) Zhang Gaoli (张高丽) Zhang Li (张黎) Zhang Qian (张茜) Zhang Wannian (张万年) Zhao Erlu (赵尔陆) Zhao Ziyang (赵紫阳) Zhou Enlai (周恩来) Zhou Tienong (周铁农) Zhu De (朱德) Zhu Rongji (朱 基) 00 Pauk Phaw Prelims.indd 15 8/23/11 1:14:54 PM.