COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012). Title of the thesis or dissertation (Doctoral Thesis / Master’s Dissertation). Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/102000/0002 (Accessed: 22 August 2017). Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) and African Small Island Developing States (ASIDS): The Cases of Mauritius and Seychelles. by Mia Beaumont 200827542 Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master’s in Politics and International Relations in the Department of Politics and International Relations of the Faculty of Humanities at the University of Johannesburg supervised by Professor Suzanne Graham 30 October 2018 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I, Mia Beaumont, declare that this dissertation, is my own work and has not in its entirety or in part been previously submitted to another university and that all information sources used have been acknowledged in the text as well as in the bibliography. I am aware that plagiarism is an offence against the laws of the Republic of South Africa and the regulations of the University of Johannesburg. I would like to thank Professor Suzanne Graham for her limitless guidance and support as a supervisor. Her expertise and knowledge in the field of International Political Economy (IPE), Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) and African Small Island Developing States (ASIDS) assisted me immensely in writing this dissertation. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Politics department and the assistance that they provide to students. Moreover, the support that the University of Johannesburg (UJ) provides (in many forms) to its students also needs to be acknowledged. I would also like to thank my husband Michael and my parents, Johan and Tania for the endless motivation that they provided. A good support-system is crucial when undertaking the task of writing a dissertation and I was very fortunate to have this in abundance. iv ABSTRACT African Small Island Developing States (ASIDS), and more specifically Mauritius and Seychelles, are receiving increased attention on international forums due to the economic advancements that they are making. Moreover, Mauritius and Seychelles were ranked 1st and 2nd on the 2017 Ibrahim Index for African Governance (IIAG). However, like all states in the world, these states are not exempt from the activities associated with the Illicit Global Economy (IGE), also known as Transnational Organized Crime (TOC). This dissertation aims to gage to what extent Mauritius and Seychelles are possibly impacted by money laundering, drug trafficking and maritime piracy and whether their typical Small Island Developing States (SIDS) characteristics could make them more susceptible to these crimes. This dissertation employs a dual analytical framework which consists of the features of TOC as discussed by Balaam and Dillman (2015) as well as the characteristics of SIDS/ (African Small Island Developing States (ASIDS)) as derived from available literature. In summary, this dissertation covers the following: Chapter 1 provides the objectives of the study as well as the research questions that the study aims to answer. Chapter 2 focuses on defining key concepts used throughout the study as well as on the features of TOC as discussed by Balaam and Dillman (2015), which forms the first part of the analytical framework. These will focus on globalisation, policies, consumers, states and corruption [all derived from Balaam and Dillman (2015)]. SIDS are also conceptualised, and their various unique characteristics are discussed. The most important characteristics are then categorised according to economics and finance; political; social and geographical characteristics. This framework is applied to the rest of the study to gage which of the typical SIDS characteristics Mauritius and Seychelles subscribe to and whether these characteristics could possibly make them more susceptible to TOC. Chapter 3 covers the history of TOC under the heading “Globalisation, a double-edged sword”. It focuses on the history of the three crimes under consideration for this study (money laundering, drug trafficking and maritime piracy). Ultimately, this chapter seeks to gage the possible impact that globalisation could possibly have had on the development of TOC through considering TOC from a historical perspective. The typical SIDS/ASIDS characteristics of Mauritius and Seychelles are discussed in Chapter 4 of this study. Chapter 5 will investigate to what extent money laundering; drug trafficking and maritime piracy possibly impacts Mauritius and Seychelles and whether their typical SIDS/ASIDS characteristics could possibly contribute to them being more susceptible to these crimes. It will also determine to what extent corruption potentially plays a role in enabling these crimes. The steps taken by the Mauritian and Seychellois states and non-state actors to combat these crimes will be discussed in Chapter 6 under the heading “the problem with supply-side policies” (Balaam and Dillman, 2016) as well as “the problem with coordination between states” (as stipulated by Balaam and Dillman) in the context of TOC in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chapter 7 is a conclusion of the study and will summarise the main findings of this study. This dissertation will gage whether the typical features of TOC (as defined by Balaam and Dillman, 2015), especially corruption being present in these states (although at a low level) and due to the typical SIDS/ASIDS characteristics, criminals are able to practise money laundering and drug trafficking in these states. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. ABSTRACT ..................................................................... IERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. LIST OF FIGURES………...…………………………………………………………………...VIII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................... IERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. CHAPTER 1: ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. INTRODUCTION, METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE ....................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 The objectives of the study .................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Literature Review ................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Research methodology ......................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Structure of the study .......................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: .................................................................................................................................. 9 CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................... 9 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 TOC and IGE ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Money laundering .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.4 Drug trafficking ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.5 Maritime piracy ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.6 Small states, SIDS and ASIDS .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.7 Globalisation, the double-edged sword ............................................................................ 22 2.8 The problem with coordination between states .............................................................. 24 2.9 Corruption as an enabler of TOC ................................................................................... 24 2.10 Conclusion and summary .................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 3: .................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. GLOBALISATION, THE DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD .............. Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1.1. The development of TOC .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.1.2. The development of the IGE ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 3.2 A Western historical overview of TOC ...............................