AHMR African Human Mobility Review VOLUME 6 NUMBER 1 JANUARY - APRIL 2020 SIHMA Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa AHMR Editorial Board _______________________________________________________ Editor-in-Chief Prof Mulugeta F. Dinbabo, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Managing Editor Sergio Carciotto, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Board members Prof Vivienne Lawack, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Prof Jonathan Crush, Balsillie School of International Affairs, Canada Prof Loren Landau, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa Prof Simon Bekker, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa Prof Thomas Faist, Bielefeld University, Germany Prof Raul Delagdo Wise, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Mexico Prof Laurence Piper, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Prof Shimelis Gulema, Stony Brook University, New York, USA Prof Wilson Majee, University of Missouri, USA Dr Delali Margaret Badasu, University of Ghana, Ghana Dr Edmond Agyeman, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana Dr Razack Karriem, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Dr Eria Serwajja, Makerere University, Uganda Dr Ernest Angu Pineteh, University of Pretoria, South Africa Dr Joseph Yaro, University of Ghana, Ghana Dr Linda Oucho, African Migration and Development Policy Centre, Kenya Dr Lothar Smith, Radboud University, Netherlands AHMR is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed journal created to encourage and facili- tate the study of all aspects of human mobility in Africa, including socio-economic, political, legal, developmental, educational and cultural aspects. Through the publication of original research, policy discussions and evidence-based research papers, AHMR provides a comprehensive forum devoted exclusively to the analysis of current migration trends, migration patterns and some of the most im- portant migration-related issues. AHMR is jointly owned by the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) and the University of the Western Cape (UWC). The Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA) a member of the Network of the Scalabrinian Centers for Migration Studies, with institutions in New York, Paris, Rome, Buenos Aires, Sao Paulo and Manila. AHMR is accredited by the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa. Articles and reviews in AHMR reflect the opinions of the contributors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the writ- ten permission from the publisher. ISSN 2410-7972 (online) ISSN 2411-6955 (print). Copyright © 2020 by the SCALABRINI INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN MOBILITY IN AFRICA and the UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTERN CAPE SIHMA Physical address 47, Commercial St, 8001 Cape Town – South Africa Tel. 0027 021 461 4741 Email: [email protected] Webpage: www.sihma.org.za 1 AHMR ___________________________________________________________________________________ AHMR African Human Mobilty Review - Volume 6 No 1, January-April 2020 Contents 6 Interlinkages Between Migration and Inequality in Africa: Review of Contemporary Studies Mary Muyonga, George Odipo and Alfred O. Agwanda 27 Turning a Blind Eye to African Refugees and Immigrants in a Tourist City: A Case-study of Blame-shifting in Cape Town Greg Ruiters, Felicia Lombard and Denys Uwimpuhwe 50 Intersection of Migration and Local Governance: Lessons on Methods and Research Design Caitlin Blaser Mapitsa 66 Social Media and Xenophobic Solidarity in Post-colonial Africa Godwin Etta Odok 89 Building Belonging through Art with Young Migrants Living in Care in South Africa Thea Shahrokh and Giulia Treves 116 In Pursuit of Being and Belonging: Migrant Associations and the Integration of Nigerian Migrant Entrepreneurs in Harare Mushonga Rufaro Hamish and Dzingirai Vupenyu 2 Editorial ___________________________________________________________________________________ Professor Mulugeta F. Dinbabo Editor-in-Chief, African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) University of the Western Cape Email: [email protected] African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) is one of the few peer-reviewed scholarly journals in the field of migration in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of AHMR is to publish up-to-date, high-quality and original research papers alongside relevant and insightful reviews. As such, the journal aspires to be vibrant, engaging and accessible, and at the same time integrative and challenging. At the moment, AHMR publishes three issues per year in April, August, and December. The journal also publishes oc- casional special issues. In the past few years, a number of articles were received by the editorial office, of which, after the critical peer review process, selected articles were published. Our online publication has increased accessibility of information for practitioners, researchers, students, academicians and policy makers. AHMR, Vol. 6, No1, 2020, presents a diverse selection of stimulating articles from various scholars in the field. The first article looks at the interlinkages between migration and inequality in Africa through the review of contemporary studies in several parts of the continent. The second article analyzes policies and programs con- cerning African immigrants and refugees following the 2008 xenophobic crisis up to 2016. The third article reflects not only on the results of the study itself, but on the methodological process issues that can lay a foundation for a better understanding of how to study the intersections of migration and local governance. The fourth article examines how social media strengthen in-group solidarities with the attendant con- sequences of loss of lives, properties, and inter-state diplomatic relations in post-co- lonial Africa. The fifth article identifies the barriers to belonging for young migrants in South Africa. The last article analyzes how a migrant association facilitates being, belonging and integration of migrants in the host society. This issue offers a shared vision and understanding of a major predicament of policies and programs in the African continent. In this regard, authors provide an increasingly critical and compelling evidence-based reflection on emerging trends and economic, social, political and cultural issues in Africa. This issue also provides valuable information to researchers, policy makers, practitioners and students, shed- ding light on the complexities of human mobility in Africa. It is a precious collection of insightful articles on various aspects and issues of human mobility, dynamics and perspectives in the African continent. The opinions expressed in this editorial report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of AHMR. As always, we would like to thank the outgoing Board of Directors of AHMR, Dr Meselu Alamnie Mulugeta, (Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia), Dr Beneberu Assefa 3 AHMR African Human Mobilty Review - Volume 6 No 1, JAN-APR 2020 Wondimagegnhu (Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia), and Dr Sharon Penderis (Univer- sity of the Western Cape). Their guidance and support make our journal possible, and we are deeply indebted to them for the time and effort that they put into our journal. It is also with sincere pleasure that I welcome the New Board of Directors of AHMR, Prof Vivienne Lawack, Deputy Vice-Chancellor: Academic at the University of the Western Cape, South Africa, Prof Jonathan Crush, Balsillie School of Interna- tional Affairs, Canada, Prof Wilson Majee, University of Missouri, USA, and Dr Eria Serwajja, Makerere University, Uganda. In 2020, we are proud to be celebrating the 60th anniversary of the University of the Western Cape. For the past six decades, the University of the Western Cape opened up education for all. During this landmark anniversary, we are also cele- brating the partnership and joint ownership of the African Human Mobility Review (AHMR) with the Scalabrini Institute for Human Mobility in Africa (SIHMA). I believe that this issue provides invaluable information to researchers, prac- titioners and students. It also dishes up thoughtful ideas to policy makers to make well-informed decisions about migration policies, programs and projects, by pre- senting the best available evidence from research in Africa. 4 Scalabrini Network _______________________________________________________ CIEMI, Paris CSER, Rome CMS, New York SMC, Manila CEM, Sao Paolo CEMLA, Buenos Aires SIHMA, Cape Town SIHMA is part of the Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN), and joins an existing Network of Scalabrini Study Centres around the globe: CSER (Centro Studi Emigrazione Roma), established in 1964 in Rome (Italy) Journal: Studi Emigrazione www.cser.it CIEMI (Centre d’Information et Études sur les Migrations Internationales), established in 1971 in Paris (France) Journal: Migrations Société www.ciemi.org CMS (Center for Migration Studies of New York,) established in 1969 in New York (USA) Journal: International Migration Review (IMR) and Journal on Migration and Human Security (JMHS) www.cmsny.org SMC (Scalabrini Migration Center,) established in 1987 in Manila (Philippines) Journal: Asian and Pacific Migration Journal (APMJ) www.smc.org.ph CEM (Centro de Estudios Migratorios), established in 1985 in São Paulo (Brazil) Journal: Travessia www.missaonspaz.org CEMLA (Buenos Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos), established in 1985 in Buenos Aires (Argentina) Journal: Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos (EML) www.cemla.com Among our partners: CSEM (Centro Scalabriniano de Estudos Migratórios) in Brasilia (Brazil); Journal: Revista