Archaeological Resources Protection Plan For Columbia South Shore Adopted April 3, 1996 Effective May 3, 1996 Ordinance No. 169953 and 169954 Amended June 5, 1996 Effective September 1, 1996 Ordinance No. 170225 Amended August 4, 2004 Effective September 3, 2004 Ordinance No. 178567 Bureau of Planning Portland, Oregon September 2004 (minor technical edits made March 2018) Portland City Council Vera Katz, Mayor Earl Blumenauer, Commissioner Charlie Hales, Commissioner Gretchen Kafoury, Commissioner Michael Lindberg, Commissioner Portland Planning Commission Richard Michaelson, President Doug van Dyk, Vice President Steve Abel Rick Holt Sarah ffitch Bruce Fong Paul Schuback Ruth Scott Noell Webb FRONT COVER: Wapato (left), example of Chinookan house (center), camas (right). Source: Oregon Council for the Humanities, The First Oregonians, (Portland, Oregon: 1991) Archaeological Resources Protection Plan For Columbia South Shore Adopted April 3, 1996 Effective May 3, 1996 Ordinance No. 169953 and 169954 Amended June 5, 1996 Effective September 1, 1996 Ordinance No. 170225 Amended August 4, 2004 Effective September 3, 2004 Ordinance No. 178567 Bureau of Planning Charlie Hales, Commissioner-In-Charge David C. Knowles, Planning Director Robert E. Clay, Chief Planner, City Planning Project Staff Robert H. Glascock, AICP, Senior Planner Catherine Lawson, Economic Analyst Geoff Sauncy, Graphic Illustrator Michelle Seward, Staff Assistant Kim Stinson, Staff Assistant Kimberly A. White, Staff Assistant Eric Engstrom, Staff Assistant September 2004 Acknowledgements Cultural Resources Advisory Committee Stark Ackerman, for Columbia Corridor Association Rick Holt, Holt & Haugh Allen Lee, East Portland District Coalition Louie Pitt, Jr., Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Tim Simmons, Barbara Creel and Janis Searles, for Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Dennis Sivers, T & W Equipment Co. Beverly Youngman and Robert Kentta, Confederated Tribes of the Siletz Cultural Resources Technical Committee Dr. Kenneth Ames, Portland State University Judith Basehore-Alef, Basehore/Alef Consulting Kathleen Gardipee, Portland Bureau of Environmental Services Dr. Richard Hanes, U. S. Bureau of Land Management Kathryn Beaumont, City Attorney’s Office Connie Lively, Portland Development Commission Doug MacCourt and Paul Shirey, Portland Office of Transportation Sun Noble, Portland Bureau of Water Works Lynda Waski-Walker, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Lawrence Watters, Columbia River Gorge Commission With Substantial Assistance from David V. Ellis, Association of Oregon Archaelogists Scott Stuemke, Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs Portland Bureau of Planning Charlie Hales, Commissioner of Public Safety David Knowles (Planning Director) Robert H. Glascock (Project Manager) Michelle Seward, Eric Engstrom, Catherine Lawson, Kim Stinson Kimberly A. White (word processing) Geoff Sauncy (graphics) Consultant Team Rick Minor, Robert Musil and Kathryn Toepel, Heritage Research Associates John Lawes and Tom Kuper, David J. Newton Associates Fred Small, SRI/Shapiro Cathy Whitlock, University of Oregon Funding for the Bureau of Planning’s participation in the development of this plan came from the City of Portland’s General Fund and several Interagency agreements (with PDC, BES, PDOT and Water). TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION i Glossary of Terms ii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose 1 Archaeological Resources Defined 1 Relation to Other Resource Planning Projects 3 Plan Area in Transition 7 Areawide Inventory 9 Use of Archaeological Site Records 10 Public Review Process (For Original Plan) 11 Update Process 13 Organization of the Plan 14 CHAPTER 2: POLICY FRAMEWORK 16 Federal 16 State 17 Tribal 21 Local 22 Summary 24 CHAPTER 3: GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 27 Oligocene to Late Pliocene Period 27 Early to Late Pleistocene Period 28 Latest Pleistocene Period 28 Holocene Period 29 Summary 32 CHAPTER 4: NATIVE VEGETATION COMMUNITIES 34 Regional Influences on Pre-Settlement Vegetation Communities 34 Pre-Settlement Plant Communities 36 Current Vegetation Conditions 38 Probable Native Plant Assemblages 39 Plant Use by American Indians 42 Summary 43 CHAPTER 5: ETHNOGRAPHY AND ETHNOHISTORY 47 Language 48 Sociopolitical Organization 49 Chinookan Groups in the South Shore Area 50 Chinookan Villages in the South Shore Vicinity 56 Subsistence Resource 57 Variation in Resource Availability 57 Settlement Patterns 60 Population 60 Trade 63 Cultural Position of the Chinookan Peoples 64 Summary 65 CHAPTER 6: ONGOING TRIBAL INTERESTS 67 Participating Oregon Tribes 67 Heritage Values of Indigenous Peoples 73 Tribal Identity and Place 74 Oral Tradition in American Indian Culture 75 Seven Generations 76 Site Preservation Today 76 Summary of Tribal Interests 77 CHAPTER 7: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 79 Previous Archaeological Research 79 Land Use Model 81 Summary of Field Inventories 1996 through 2003 86 Updated Management Recommendations 89 Technical Review 92 CHAPTER 8: GOAL 5 INVENTORY SITES 94 Introduction 94 Resource Functions and Values 95 Site Inventory (Sensitivity Areas) 98 Discussion Format 99 Area 1: Historic Lakes 103 Area 2: River's Edge 105 Area 3: Columbia Slough 107 Inventory Decisions 109 Summary 113 CHAPTER 9: ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY CONSEQUENCES 114 Conflicting Uses 115 The ESEE Process 134 General ESEE Consequences of Permitting, Limiting or Prohibiting Conflicting Uses 134 Economic Analysis 137 Social Analysis 163 Environmental Analysis 178 Energy Analysis 185 Site Specific ESEE Analysis (By Sensitivity Areas) 190 Area 1: Historic Lakes 191 Area 2: River's Edge 201 Area 3: Columbia Slough 215 Conflict Resolution and Recommendations 225 CHAPTER 10: PROTECTION PLAN MEASURES 227 Introduction 227 General Summary of Goal 5 Process 227 Program Options 230 Conclusion 233 Amendments to Comprehensive Plan Goals and Policies 235 Amendments to Title 33, Planning and Zoning 238 Amendments to Official Zoning Maps 272 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Plan Boundary Map 1 Figure 2: Ground Disturbance Status Map 15 Figure 3: Comprehensive Plan and Base Zoning Map 25 Figure 4: Existing Goal 5 Overlay Zones Map 26 Figure 5: Cross-section of South Bank of Columbia River 31 Figure 6: Neerchakioo and Nechacolee Villages on Lewis and Clark's Map 55 Figure 7: Annual Cycle of Indian Activities 78 Figure 8: Reconstructed Environmental Features Map 83 Figure 9: Archaeological Testing Status Map 88 Figure 10: Sensitivity Areas Map 101 Figure 11: Quarter Sections Map 102 Figure 12: Resource Values of Goal 5 Sensitivity Areas in Columbia South Shore 113 Figure 13: Diagram of the Three-Dimensional Element of Archaeological Resource Sites 117 Figure 14: Depths Comparison Between Archaeological Methods and Typical Ground Disturbance Activities in the Columbia South Shore Plan District 119 Figure 15: Conflicting Uses Permitted by Zoning in the Columbia South Shore Plan District 120 Figure 16: Summary of Most Likely Conflicting Uses in the Columbia South Shore Plan District and Ground Disturbance Activities Associated with Each Use 133 Figure 17: Decision Steps to Identify Archaeological Sites Within a Sensitivity Area 136 Figure 18: Conflict Resolution Summary Table for the Historic Lakes Sensitivity Area 200 Figure 19: River’s Edge Sensitivity Area: Cross Section and Plan View of Potential Ground Disturbance Activities 201-202 Figure 20: Conflict Resolution Summary Table for the River's Edge Sensitivity Area 214 Figure 21: Conflict Resolution Summary Table for the Columbia Slough Sensitivity Area 224 Figure 22: Conflict Resolution Summary Table for the Columbia South Shore Plan District 226 Figure 23: Summary of Conclusions Reached During ESEE Analysis 229 Figure 24: Properties Affected by Archaeological Resources Protection Plan 234 Figure 25: Decision Steps to Determine Level of Protection (Management Measures) for Archaeological Sites 237 Figure 515-6*: Example of aa Archaeological Resource Site and Respective Transition Area 253 * Note: Out of sequence number refers to zoning code designation. LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Flood Data in the Portland Basin 32 Table 2: Native Use Plants in the Columbia South Shore 45-46 Table 3: Foods of the Lower Columbia Indians 57-58 Table 4: Lower Columbia Village Populations as Seen by Lewis and Clark 61-62 Table 5: Major Attributes Influencing an Industry's Location Decision 142 Table 6: Summary of General Economic Consequences 161 Table 7: Summary of General Social Consequences 177 Table 8: Summary of General Environmental Consequences 184 Table 9: Summary of General Energy Consequences 189 PLAN APPENDICES (under separate cover) Appendix A: City Council Directives Appendix B: Adopted Statewide Planning Goal 5 Appendix C: Goal 5 Administrative Rule Appendix D: Warm Springs Tribal Ordinance 68 Appendix E: Site Discovery in the Columbia South Shore: A Review of Modeling, Sampling, Survey, and Discovery Techniques Appendix F: Correspondence Appendix G: Implementing Ordinances Archaeological Resources Protection Plan for Columbia South Shore September 2004 Summary and Recommendation This report is intended to satisfy a Statewide Planning Goal 5 requirement to protect archaeological resource areas in the City. City Council adopted the Cultural [Archaeological] Resources Protection Plan for Columbia South Shore on April 3, 1996. The Oregon Department of Land Conservation and Development (DLCD) approved this plan as fulfilling a required work task for periodic review. City Council amended this plan in 1996 and 2004,