Strathmore University SU+ @ Strathmore University Library Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2019 Public-private partnerships in the energy sector in Kenya: the case for effective public participation Scola Nduku Munyao Strathmore Law School (SLS) Strathmore University Follow this and additional works at https://su-plus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/6780 Recommended Citation Munyao, S. N. (2019). Public-private partnerships in the energy sector in Kenya: The case for effective public participation [Thesis, Strathmore University]. http://su- plus.strathmore.edu/handle/11071/6780 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by DSpace @Strathmore University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DSpace @Strathmore University. For more information, please contact [email protected] STRATHMORE UNIVERSITY STRATHMORE LAW SCHOOL JUNE, 2019 MASTER OF LAWS THESIS TOPIC: PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR IN KENYA: THE CASE FOR EFFECTIVE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION By: MUNYAO SCOLA NDUKU ADM NO: 110319 SUPERVISORS: DR ELIZABETH MUTHUMA & DR PETER KWENJERA Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Laws Degree (International Financial Law and Regulation) Strathmore Law School, Strathmore University. i | P a g e Contents DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................................... iv APPROVAL ............................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF CASES ...................................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF STATUTES AND REGULATIONS ................................................................................... viii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................................................ 7 1.4 Research Objectives ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Research Questions .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.6 Literature Review ............................................................................................................................ 8 1.7 Methodology and Approach ......................................................................................................... 11 1.8 Limitations and Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 12 1.9 Chapter Breakdown ....................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................... 14 2.0 Conceptual Framework..................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 14 2.2 Emergence and Definition of Public Participation.................................................................... 14 2.3 Justification for Public Participation .......................................................................................... 16 2.4 Stakeholder Analysis Tools .......................................................................................................... 17 2.4.1 Imperial College London's Influence-Interest Grid .......................................................... 17 2.4.2 Bourne's Stakeholder Circle .................................................................................................. 18 2.5 Accountability ................................................................................................................................ 18 2.6 Public Participation in Environmental Decision Making ........................................................ 20 2.7.0 Public Participation in International Law .............................................................................. 21 2.7.1 Sherry Arnstein’s Citizen Participation Ladder ................................................................. 21 2.7.2 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development ......................................................... 23 2.7.3 Aarhus Convention ................................................................................................................ 24 2.7.4 African Charter for Popular Participation in Development and Transformation ......... 26 ii | P a g e 2.7.5 Public Participation Spectrum .............................................................................................. 29 2.8 Proposed Parameters for Effective Public Participation .......................................................... 29 2.9 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................. 33 3.0 Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework Governing Public Private Partnerships in Kenya . 33 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 33 3.2 Policy Statement on Public Private Partnerships 2011 ............................................................. 35 3.3 Public Private Partnership Act No. 15 of 2013 .......................................................................... 37 3.4 Public Private Partnership Regulations, 2014 ............................................................................ 39 3.5 The Public Participation Bill, 2018 ............................................................................................. 42 3.6 Application of the Constitutional Principle of Public Participation by the Kenya Courts .. 43 3.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................................... 48 4.0 Case Study: Public Participation in the Lamu Power Project ..................................................... 48 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 48 4.2 Stakeholder Mapping and Identification .................................................................................... 50 4.3 The Public Participation Process ................................................................................................. 52 4.4 Stakeholder Issues Arising from the Stakeholder Meetings ..................................................... 54 4.5 APCL’s Response to Stakeholder Issues .................................................................................... 56 4.6 Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 57 4.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................................... 62 5.0 Recommendations and Conclusion ................................................................................................. 62 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Public Participation Challenges and Proposed Solutions ......................................................... 62 5.3 Proposed Amendments to the Public Private Partnership Act, 2013 ...................................... 64 5.4 Regulatory Gaps in the Public Private Partnership Regulations, 2014 .................................. 65 5.5 Gaps in the Proposed Public Participation Bill, 2018 ............................................................... 66 5.6 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................