FEMISE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 2012-2013 Facilitation of Transportation in Turkey and Poland: a Comparative Study Research n°FEM35-09 Directed By Jan Michalek, University of Warsaw, Poland and Subidey Togan, Bilkent University, Turkey In collaboration with: Andrzej Cieslik, University of Warsaw, Poland; Nergiz Dincer, TED University, Turkey Jan Hagemejer, University of Warsaw, Poland; Mahdi Ghodsi, University of Warsaw, Poland; Aneta Mach, University of Warsaw, Poland; Armando Rungi, University of Warsaw, Poland June 2013 Ce rapport a été réalisé avec le soutien financier This document has been produced with the financial assis- de l’Union Européenne au travers du Femise. Le tance of the European Union within the context of the FEMISE contenu du rapport relève de la seule responsabilité program. The contents of this document are the sole respon- des auteurs et ne peut en aucun cas être considéré sibility of the authors and can under no circumstances be comme reflétant l’opinion de l’Union Européenne. regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. FACILITATION OF TRANSPORTATION IN TURKEY AND POLAND: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Research n° FEM35-09 Directed by Jan Michalek, University of Warsaw, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Poland Subidey Togan, Bilkent University, Centre for International Economics, Turkey; In collaboration with: Andrzej Cieslik, University of Warsaw, Poland; Nergiz Dincer, TED University, Turkey Jan Hagemejer, University of Warsaw, Poland; Mahdi Ghodsi, University of Warsaw, Poland; Aneta Mach, University of Warsaw, Poland; Armando Rungi, University of Warsaw, Poland TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF TRANSPORT SECTORS IN POLAND AND TURKEY ................. 1 1. Polish and Turkish Transportation Sectors within a Comparative Framework ............. 2 2. Transport Sector in Poland ............................................................................................. 5 2.1 Developments in Transport Sub-Sectors .......................................................... 7 2.1.1 Road Transportation .......................................................................... 7 2.1.2 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 11 2.1.3 Maritime Transportation .................................................................. 16 2.1.4 Air Transportation ............................................................................ 20 3. Transport Sector in Turkey ........................................................................................... 26 3.1 Developments in Transport Sub-Sectors ......................................................... 28 3.1.1 Road Transportation ......................................................................... 28 3.1.2 Rail Transportation ........................................................................... 30 3.1.3 Maritime Transportation .................................................................. 34 3.1.4 Air Transportation ............................................................................ 36 4. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 39 References ......................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER 2: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ROAD FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION ......... 43 1. Road Freight Transportation Services .......................................................................... 43 2. International Rules and Regulations ............................................................................. 47 2.1 European Conference of Ministers of Transport and International Transport Forum ............................................................................................................................... 47 2.2 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe ........................................ 49 2.3 World Trade Organization .............................................................................. 50 3. European Union Rules and Regulations ........................................................................ 53 3.1 Market Access and Competition ..................................................................... 55 3.2 Prices and Fiscal Conditions ........................................................................... 57 3.3 Social Conditions ............................................................................................ 59 3.4 Technical Conditions ....................................................................................... 60 3.5 Road Safety ..................................................................................................... 62 4. Road Transportation in Turkey ..................................................................................... 65 4.1 Market Access ................................................................................................. 66 4.2 Prices and Fiscal Conditions ........................................................................... 67 4.3 Social Conditions, Technical Conditions, and Safety ..................................... 69 5. Road Transportation in Poland ...................................................................................... 72 5.1 Market Access ................................................................................................. 72 5.2 Prices and Fiscal Conditions ........................................................................... 74 5.3 Social Conditions, Technical Conditions, and Safety ..................................... 75 6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 77 References ......................................................................................................................... 79 CHAPTER 3: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN RAIL FREIGHT TRANSPORT SERVICES .... 81 1. Railway Services .......................................................................................................... 82 2. International Rules and Regulations ............................................................................. 85 2.1 International Union of Railways .................................................................... 86 2.2 Intergovernmental Organization for International Carriage by Rail .............. 87 2.3 GATS Commitments in Railway Services ..................................................... 89 3. Rules and Regulations in the European Union ............................................................. 91 3.1 First Railway Package .................................................................................... 93 3.2 Second Railway Package ................................................................................ 95 3.3 Third Railway Package ................................................................................... 97 3.4 Further steps towards the Single European Railway Area ............................. 98 3.5 Trans-European Transport Networks, Pan-European Rail Corridors, and Transport Infrastructure ........................................................................................................ 100 3.6 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................... 102 4. Regulatory Framework in Polish Rail Transportation Sector ..................................... 102 4.1 The Organization of Poland’s Railways and Market Access ........................ 104 4.2 State of Competition ....................................................................................... 107 5. Regulatory Framework in Turkish Rail Transportation Sector ................................... 111 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 116 References ........................................................................................................................ 117 CHAPTER 4: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN MARITIME TRANSPORTATION ................ 121 1. Maritime Freight Transportation Services ................................................................... 121 2. International Rules and Regulations ............................................................................ 125 2.1 Regulations Related to Commercial Operations and Practices ...................... 126 2.2 Regulations Related to Safety and Environment ........................................... 130 3. European Union Rules and Regulations ...................................................................... 133 3.1 Internal Market ............................................................................................... 134 3.2 Port Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 136 3.3 Social Conditions ........................................................................................... 137 3.4 Safety and Environment ................................................................................. 138 4. Turkish Maritime Rules and Regulations .................................................................... 142 5. Polish Maritime Rules and Regulations ...................................................................... 145 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................. 148 References .......................................................................................................................