THE MATSYA PURANA Introduction The Puranas are sacred texts which were composed many hundreds of years ago. There are many stories and rituals which form an integral part of Hinduism. Most of these are to be found in the Puranas. Together with the two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the Puranas are read, revered and believed in. Thre are eighteen major Puranas or mahapuranas, the word maha, meaning great. There are also several other minor Puranas or upapuranas, the word upa signifying minor. It is sometimes believed that the upapuranas are also eighteen in number. Amongst the eighteen mahapuranas, the Matsya Purana is number sixteen. This does not mean that it is sixteenth in order of important. It just happens to be sixteenth in the list. The Puranas themselves describes the five characteristics (pancha lakshana) that a text must satisfy before being classified as a mahapurana. That is, any such text must dscribe five different subjects. These are the original creation of the universe (sarga), the periodical process of destruction and re-creation (pratisaryga), the various eras (manvantara), the histories of the solar dynasty (surya vamsha), and lunar dynasty (chandra vamsha) and royal genealogies (vamshanucharita). As you will see, the Matysa Purana does describe these five different subjects. Traditionally, the Ramayana is believed to have been composed by the sage Valmiki and the Mahabharata is believed to have been composed by the sage Vedavyasa. Vedavyasa was the son of Satyavati and the sage Parashara. His real name was Krishna Dvaipayana. The word krishna means dark and he came to acquire the name because he was dark in complexion. The word dvipa means island and the sage acquired the name of Dvaipayana as he was born on an island. The Mahabharata has one lakh shlokas or couplets. It is believed that , after composing the Mahabharata. Vedavyasa composed the eighteen mahapuranas. These texts have four lakh shlokas between them, although they are not equal in length. The Matsya Purana is a medium-length Purana, is comprises of fifteen thousand couplets. The longest Purana, the Skanda Purana, has eighty-one thousand. And the shortest Purana, the Markandeya Purana, has only nine thousand. The fourteen thousand shlokas of the Maysya Purana are divided into two hundred and ninety-one chapters (adhyaya). The eighteen mahapuranas are sometimes divided into three groups, with six Puranas in each group. There are many gods in the Hindu pantheon. But the primary gods are Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Brahma is regarded as the creator, Vishnu as the preserver, and Shiva as the destroyer. Since all three are important gods, any sacred text will glorify each of them. But the relative emphasis often varies from text to text. For example, a text which spends many chapters on the act of creation tends to glorify Brahma relatively more and is known as a rajasika Purana. A text which describes the incarnations (avatara) of Vishnu in great detail tends to glorify Vishnu more and is known as a sattvika Purana. A text reoccupies with rituals and norms tends to attach more importance to Shiva and is known as a tamasika Purana. The Matsya Purana is regarded as a tamasika Purana. The five others in this group are the Kurma Purana, the Linga Purana, the Shiva Purana, the Skanda Purana and the Agni Purana. Although we have mentioned this classification, it is also fair to point out that the classification is slightly artifical. You now ought to be told why the Matsya Purana has such a name. The word matsya means fish. Usually Vishnu is regarded as having had nine incarnations, with a tenth one, Kalki, due to come in the future. The names of these incarnations are as follows. (i) Matsya or fish. This is sometimes also referred to as the mina (fish) avatara. (ii) Kurma or turtle. (iii) Varaha or boar. (iv) Nrisimha or narasimha, the half-man and half-lion. (v) Vamana or dwarf. (vi) Parashurama. (vii) Rama (viii) Krishna (ix) Buddha (x) Kalki. This is sometimes also referred to as Kali. The Matsya Purana is so named because it was first recited by Vishnu himself, in his incarnation of a fish. We have referred to the belief that Vedavyasa composed all the mahapuranas. (There is no such general belief regarding the upapauranas.) No scholar however believes that a single individual could have composed all these texts. What Vedavyasa might have done is to have composed an original text known as the Purana samhita. This he taught to this chief disciple, Lomaharshana or Romaharshana. In general, Lomaharshana is the raconteur of the Puranas. The word roma or loma means body-hair and harshana means to thrill. Some of the Puranas state that Lomaharshana’s recitals thrilled the body-hair of his listeners and the thus came to acquire his name. He belonged to the suta class, a class of coss-breeds who specialised in story-telling. From Lomaharshana, the Puranas passed on the others. There was no writng, so the compositions passed by word of mouth. In the process, each raconteur added his own compositions to what he himself had heard and thus the Puranas grew in volume and number. These subsequent additons are known as interpolations, and today, itis impossible to distinguish an original composition from a subsequent interpolation. In this sense, it is difficult to date the composition of the Puranas. They were not composed at any one specific point of time. There will be earlier sections and later sections in the same Purana. Scholars agree that, in their final form, the Puranas came into being between the years 300 A.D. and 1000 A.D. Itis impossible to be more precise than that. It is of course perfectly possible that some of the earlier sections may hae been composed hundreds of years earlier. We have said that Lomaharshana was Vedavyasa’s chief disciple. This is partially correct; it is only correct in so far as the Puranas are concerned. Vedavyasa did much more than compose the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The Vedas are sacred texts that are revered by Hindu. But they are very abstract and esoteric and the knowledge that is in them is not very easy to disseminate or understand. Comprehension becomes simpler if the wisdom of the Vedas is conveniently divided (vyasa) into separate parts. A person who does this has the title of Vedavyasa or Vyasadeva conferred on him. Thus it was that Krishna Dvaipaynana came to acquire the name of Vedavyasa. There have been other Vedavyases prior to him. In fact, he is believed to have been the twenty-eight Vedavyasa of the present era. So far as the Vedas are concerned. Krishna Dvaipayana had four other disciples. But the Puranas were taught only to Lomaharshana. With no further preambles, let us now see what Lomaharshana has to say. Lomaharshana and the Other Sages There was a forest known as naimisharanya. Many years ago, several sages organized a yajna (sacrifice) in the forest. After the sacrifice was over, the assembled sages told Lomaharshana. "You have recited to us many Puranas. These accounts are so sacred that we would like to hear them once more. Please satisfy our thirst for knowledge." "I will recount for you the most holy of all the Puranas," replied Lomaharshana. "This is the great Matsya Purana, told by Vishnu to Manu. Prepare your minds, for I am about begin." Vishnu and Manu There used to be a king named Manu. He was the son of the sun-god. (This is slightly sloppy. There has been more than one Manu. In fact, in every era, there are fourteen. The Manu in question was the seventh in the present era and his name was Vaivasvata Manu. He was the son of the sun-god Vivasvana.) When it was time for Manu to retire to the forest, he handed over the kingdom to his son. (The son’s name is not given, but must have been Ikshvaku.) Manu then went to the foothills of Mount Malaya and started to perform tapasya (meditation). Thousands and thousands of years passed. Such were the powers of Manu’s meditation that Brahma appeared before him. "I am pleased with your prayers," said Brahma. "Ask for a boon." "I have only one boon to ask for," replied Manu. "Sooner or later there will be a destruction (pralaya) and the world will no longer exist. Please grant me the boon that it will be I who will save the world and its begins at the time of the destruction." Brahma readily granted this boon. Days passed. On one particular occasion, Manu was performing ablutions in a pond near his hermitage. He immersed his hands in the water so that he might offer some water to his ancestors. When he raised his cupped hands, he found that there was a minnow (shafari) swimming around in the water. Manu had no desire to kill the minnow. He placed it carefully in his water-pot (kamandalu). But the minnow started to grow and within a day, it was sixteen fingers in length. "Save me, king." said the fish. "This water-pot is too small for me." Manu then placed the fish in a vat. But the fish continued to grow and, within a day, it was three hands in length. "Save me, king." said the fish. "This vat is too small for me." Manu put the fish in a well, but the well soon became too small for the fish. Manu transferred the fish to a pond, but the pond was also too small for the fish. Manu now removed the fish to the holy river Ganga, but even this was too small for the fish.