SVEUČILIŠTE U DUBROVNIKU POMORSKI ODJEL PREDDIPLOMSKI STUDIJ BRODOSTROJARSTVO MARINE ENGINEERING COURSE Priredila: mr. sc. Nives Vidak, prof. Dubrovnik, 2016 RECENZENTI: dr. sc. Helena Brautović, viša predavačica mr. sc. Ivana Nakić Lučić, viša predavačica dr. sc. Mate Jurjević, docent ISBN 978-953-7153-40-3 (Sveučilište u Dubrovniku) Izdavač: Sveučilište u Dubrovniku Branitelja Dubrovnika 29, 20000 Dubrovnik http://www.unidu.hr Grafička priprema: Davorka Turčinović, mag. oec. CONTENTS 1. CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES ............................................................................................... 1 2. HOW MERCHANT SHIPS OPERATE .................................................................................... 3 2.1 TYPES OF MERCHANT SHIPS ....................................................................................... 4 3. SHIP CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................................................... 5 3.1 TERMS RELATING TO THE HULL .................................................................................. 6 4. SHIPBOARD DIRECTIONS AND LOCATIONS ....................................................................... 9 5. THE ORGANISATION OF A SHIP’S CREW .......................................................................... 10 5.1 THE DECK DEPARTMENT ........................................................................................... 10 5.2 THE ENGINE DEPARTMENT ....................................................................................... 12 6. UMS OPERATION ............................................................................................................. 13 7. PERIODIC SAFETY ROUTINES ........................................................................................... 14 8. SHIP’S EQUIPMENT .......................................................................................................... 15 8.1 AUXILIARY MACHINERY ............................................................................................ 16 8.2 MAIN ENGINES .......................................................................................................... 17 8.2.1 DIESEL ENGINE ................................................................................................ 17 8.2.2 STEAM TURBINE ............................................................................................. 19 8.2.3 GAS TURBINE .................................................................................................. 19 8.2.4 NUCLEAR PLANT ............................................................................................. 20 9. STEAM TURBINES ............................................................................................................ 21 9.1 TURBINE TYPES ......................................................................................................... 22 9.2 TURBINE CONSTRUCTION ......................................................................................... 23 9.3 TURBINE CONTROL ................................................................................................... 24 9.4 TURBINE PROTECTION .............................................................................................. 24 10. THE MAIN TYPES OF SHIP PROPULSION SYSTEMS ......................................................... 26 10.1 DIRECT DRIVE PROPULSION SYSTEM ...................................................................... 26 10.2 GEARED DRIVE PROPULSTION SYSTEM .................................................................. 26 10.3 ELECTRICAL PROPULSION SYSTEM ......................................................................... 27 11. BASIC MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS ................................................................................. 28 12. ENGINEERING MATERIALS ............................................................................................. 30 12.1 PROPERTIES OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS ............................................................ 31 13. CORROSION ................................................................................................................... 33 14. MECHANISMS ................................................................................................................ 35 15. PISTONS ......................................................................................................................... 36 16. FORCES IN ENGINEERING .............................................................................................. 38 17. LUBRICATION ................................................................................................................. 39 18. COOLING ........................................................................................................................ 40 19. BOILERS .......................................................................................................................... 42 19.1 BOILER TYPES .......................................................................................................... 43 19.1.1 WATER-TUBE BOILERS .................................................................................. 44 19.1.2 FIR-TUBE BOILERS ......................................................................................... 44 19.2 BOILER MOUNTINGS ............................................................................................... 45 19.3 BOILER MOUNTINGS (WATER-TUBE BOILERS) ....................................................... 46 20. GENERATORS ................................................................................................................. 47 21. SAFE WORKING PRACTICES ........................................................................................... 49 22. TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES ............................................................................................. 51 23. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 55 24. LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ....................................................................................... 56 MARINE ENGINEERING COURSE mr. sc. NIVES VIDAK, prof. 1. CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES Every ship is designed and constructed to the certain class and is operated in the conditions related to the given class. Class means the character assigned to a vessel by a classification society, depending on the design of the vessel, the quality of materials employed, the scantlings of the various structural members, and the outfit and equipment, all of which should be up to the standard specified by the society's rules. To ensure that the condition and seaworthiness of classed ships are maintained they are examined periodically and the continuance of the class depends upon the result of such survey. Classification society is a special institution which has as its purpose supervision of vessels during their construction and afterwards, in respect to their seaworthiness and upkeep, and the placing of vessels in grades or "classes" according to the society's rules for each particular type of vessel. The principle classification societies are: Lloyd's Register of Shipping, London; American Bureau of Shipping, New York; Bureau Veritas, Paris; Germanischer Lloyd, Berlin; Det Norske Veritas, Oslo; Japanese Marine Corporation, Tokyo; Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, St. Petersburg. Lloyd's Register of Shipping is the largest and oldest British classification society, established in 1834. In Croatia there is the Croatian Register of Shipping (Hrvatski registar brodova). Classification societies are known to have a profound influence on shipping, ship design and ship safety. The fundamental purpose of classification is to ensure maintenance of seaworthiness of all classed ships. Withdrawal of a class means cessation of the Register supervision when renewal of a class seems impossible for the Register. The class might be withdrawn by the Register at the shipowner's desire as well. The Classification societies operate throughout the world and publish rules and regulations directly related to the structural efficiency of the ship and reliability of the propelling machinery. Classification implies the ship and the machinery conform to the standards published in the rules of the Society. The societies' rules are not absolutely rigid in every detail, as the progress of shipbuilding methods and materials makes it necessary that a certain amount of latitude be allowed. They represent the minimum standards which the society considers necessary for a particular type of vessel. In classed vessels the materials and the actual construction are under the supervision of the society's surveyors. At completion of the building and after trials at sea, classification certificates are issued and handed to the owners. 1 MARINE ENGINEERING COURSE mr. sc. NIVES VIDAK, prof. Classification certificate states that the ship has been found to comply with the rules of the society. It also mentions the class granted to the ship and the conditions which have to be complied with if the class is to be maintained. The record in the Register Book is given in symbols. 100A.1. indicates the highest class for steel ships and is assigned to all vessels built under survey and in accordance with the society's rules and regulations. The figure 1 after letter A indicates that the anchors and cables have been tested by the society's surveyors and are in accordance with the rules and in good condition.