Michael Flitner, Ulrich Matthes, Gerhard Oesten & Axel Roeder (Eds.) The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies BfN Skripten 168 2006 The ecosystem approach in forest biosphere reserves: results from three case studies Michael Flitner Ulrich Matthes Gerhard Oesten Axel Roeder (Eds.) Editors’ addresses: Michael Flitner, Gerhard Oesten Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Institut für Forstökonomie Tennenbacher Straße 4 79106 Freiburg Tel: +49(0)761-203-36 89, Fax: +49(0)761-203-36 90 E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] Ulrich Matthes, Axel Roeder Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz Schloss 67705 Trippstadt Tel.: +49(0)6306-911 15 3, Fax: +49(0)6306-911 20 0 E-Mail: [email protected] [email protected] Consultant BfN Dr. Anke Höltermann, Department II 2.1 Translation Lingua-World, Cologne The papers published here have been added to the literature database “DNL-online” (www.dnl- online.de). BfN papers are not available in any bookshop Publisher of the papers in the series: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn Telephone: +49(0)228-849 1-0 Fax: +49(0)228-849 1-9999 URL: www.bfn.de The authors of the series of papers accept no responsibility for the correctness, accuracy or completeness of all the information or for conformity or for observation of private rights of any third party. The opinions and viewpoints expressed in the papers do not have to been accordance with those of the publishers. Any reprint of this publication, even extracts thereof, is permitted only with the consent of the BfN. Printers: BMU-Druckerei Printed on 100% recycled paper Bonn – Bad Godesberg 2006 Contents 1 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................1 2 THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH IN FOREST AREAS – STARTING POINTS....3 Dirk Frankenhauser, Michael Flitner 2.1 Aims and methods...................................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 The development of the ecosystem approach (EA).................................................................................... 3 2.3 The ecosystem approach under the CBD ................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) ..................................................................................................... 8 2.5 EA and SFM: similarities, differences and problems............................................................................... 10 2.6 Adaptive Management ............................................................................................................................. 11 2.6.1 Differences to SFM.............................................................................................................................. 13 2.6.2 Adaptive management: requirements and obstacles ............................................................................ 14 2.7 The ecosystem approach and the UNESCO MAB programme................................................................ 15 2.8 Interim results........................................................................................................................................... 17 3 THREE CASE STUDIES ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH..............................................................................................................18 3.1 Case study methodology ........................................................................................................................ 18 Christoph Meyer, Ilona Klingele, Michael Flitner 3.1.1 Problem formulation ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.1.2 Evaluation: three different perspectives............................................................................................... 19 3.1.2.1 The Pfälzerwald case study: evaluating the data......................................................................... 20 3.1.2.2 The Schorfheide-Chorin case study: evaluating the data ............................................................ 20 3.1.2.3 The Rhön case study: evaluating the data ................................................................................... 21 3.2 The Pfälzerwald case study ................................................................................................................... 22 Ilona Klingele 3.2.1 Problem formulation ............................................................................................................................ 22 3.2.2 Characteristics of the Pfälzerwald-Vosges du Nord biosphere reserve................................................ 22 3.2.3 The current situation in the biosphere reserve ..................................................................................... 23 3.2.4 Research results: congruence with the principles ................................................................................24 3.2.4.1 Central tenets of the EA .............................................................................................................. 24 3.2.4.2 Design Directive.......................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.4.3 Governance Directive.................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.4.4 Management Directive ................................................................................................................ 38 3.2.5 Interim results ...................................................................................................................................... 43 3.3 The Schorfheide-Chorin case study...................................................................................................... 46 Christoph Meyer 3.3.1 Problem formulation ............................................................................................................................ 46 3.3.2 Geography and social history of the Schorfheide-Chorin region .........................................................46 3.3.3 The history of the biosphere reserve in the GDR national park programme........................................47 3.3.4 Catch-up participation processes..........................................................................................................48 3.3.5 Monitoring in the biosphere reserve.....................................................................................................49 3.3.6 Results of the case study: extension of the focus .................................................................................49 3.3.6.1 Problem area: nun moth pest calamity.........................................................................................49 3.3.6.2 Problem area: game densities and hunting ..................................................................................55 3.3.7 Interim results.......................................................................................................................................62 3.4 Rhön case study ......................................................................................................................................64 Ilona Klingele, Christoph Meyer 3.4.1 Questions covered by the case study: starting points of an integrated assessment...............................64 3.4.2 Geography and social history of Rhön.................................................................................................66 3.4.3 National socialist “Dr. Hellmuth Plan“ ................................................................................................66 3.4.4 History of the biosphere reserve...........................................................................................................67 3.4.4.1 Establishment of the biosphere reserve .......................................................................................67 3.4.4.2 Catch-up participation processes – outline concept for the Rhön region.....................................67 3.4.4.3 Societal choice: the goal of the cultural landscape......................................................................68 3.4.5 Network of those involved and management of support programmes .................................................69 3.4.6 Maintenance of open space in the Rhön biosphere reserve..................................................................70 3.4.7 The black grouse ..................................................................................................................................72 3.4.8 Results of the study: problems of integrated assessment .....................................................................74 3.4.8.1 Assessment problem: participation..............................................................................................74 3.4.8.2 Assessment problem: scales ........................................................................................................76 3.4.8.3 Assessment problem: adaptive management ...............................................................................78 3.4.9 Interim results.......................................................................................................................................80