The Wealth of a Rising Empire: The Manchu Acquisition of Currencies, People, Lands and Industries before the Conquest of China (1583-1643) D i s s e r t a t i o n zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Philosophie in der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen vorgelegt von Yong Liang aus Shandong, China 2020 Gedruckt mit Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Leonhardt Hauptberichterstatter: Hans Ulrich Vogel Mitberichterstatter: Achim Mittag, Lars Peter Laamann Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.10.2020 Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen: TOBIAS-lib Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... I Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... II Maps ........................................................................................................................................................ III Illustrations .............................................................................................................................................. IV Tables ....................................................................................................................................................... V 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 State of the Field ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Research Questions, Methods and Aims .................................................................................. 11 1.3 Source Criticism ........................................................................................................................ 13 1.4 Plans for Further Studies and Publication ................................................................................ 19 2. Acquisition of Currencies ................................................................................................................. 21 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 21 2.2 Coin as a Fractional Currency ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Acquisition of Gold and Silver ................................................................................................ 28 2.3.1 Acquisition through Wars ............................................................................................. 28 2.3.2 Acquisition through Mining ........................................................................................... 32 2.3.3 Contribution from Military Leaders .............................................................................. 33 2.3.4 Tribute from Korea ........................................................................................................ 34 2.3.5 Acquiring Gold from Trade ............................................................................................ 35 2.4 Distribution of Gold and Silver ................................................................................................. 37 2.4.1 Rewarding Military Forces ............................................................................................... 37 2.4.2 Rewarding Mongol Allies ................................................................................................. 38 2.4.3 Rewarding Individual Han Chinese and Korean people .................................................. 40 2.4.4 Special Rewards, Compensations, and State Payments .................................................. 41 2.5 Usages of Gold and Silver ......................................................................................................... 42 2.5.1 Punishments Compensated in Silver ............................................................................... 42 2.5.2 Silver as a Means of Commercial Transactions ............................................................... 43 2.5.3 Means of Gifts, Bribery, Entertainment, Money Lending, Government Relief, and Mortuary Objects ........................................................................................................... 45 2.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 47 3. Acquisition of People ....................................................................................................................... 48 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 48 3.2 The Foundation of a Rising Enterprise .................................................................................. 49 3.3 Integrating Jurchen Tribes ...................................................................................................... 52 3.3.1 Integrating Jurchens into Nurgaqi’s Regime .............................................................. 52 3.3.2 Integrating Jurchens into Hong Taiji’s Regime ........................................................... 60 3.4 Integrating Mongol Tribes ...................................................................................................... 63 3.4.1 Integrating Mongols into Nurgaqi’s Regime .............................................................. 63 3.4.2 Integrating Mongols into Hong Taiji’s Regime ........................................................... 67 3.5 Integrating Han Chinese ......................................................................................................... 71 3.5.1 Integrating Han Chinese into Nurgaqi’s Regime........................................................ 71 3.5.2 Integrating Han Chinese into Hong Taiji’s Regime .................................................... 76 3.6 Integrating Korean People ..................................................................................................... 84 3.7 Distributing Captives .............................................................................................................. 89 3.8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 92 4. Acquisition of Lands ......................................................................................................................... 93 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 93 4.2 Unifying Jurchen Lands .......................................................................................................... 94 4.3 Acquiring Ming Chinese Territories ..................................................................................... 106 4.4 Allying Mongol Tribes ........................................................................................................... 118 4.5 Subjugating Korea ................................................................................................................. 128 4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 131 5. Acquisition of Industries ................................................................................................................ 132 5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 132 5.2 Agriculture............................................................................................................................. 134 5.2.1 Granary ........................................................................................................................ 134 5.2.2 Grain Storage and Transportation ............................................................................... 136 5.2.3 Importance of Grain Storage ....................................................................................... 141 5.2.4 Farming Official Lands ................................................................................................. 146 5.2.5 Subsidiary Food Production ........................................................................................ 149 5.2.6 Tobacco ....................................................................................................................... 151 5.3 Animal Husbandry ................................................................................................................ 155 5.4 Hunting, Fishing and Gathering ........................................................................................... 159 5.4.1 Hunting ........................................................................................................................ 159 5.4.2 Fishing ......................................................................................................................... 163 5.4.3 Gathering ..................................................................................................................... 165 5.5 Mining ..................................................................................................................................