Economic assessment of Kaş-Kekova Marine Protected Area’s effects on the sustainability of local development Prepared by: Esra Başak July 2012 1 This report is published on the responsability of Plan Bleu. The estimations used, opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of Plan Bleu. 2 Table of Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Part I: Local development and Kaş-Kekova Special Environmental Protected Area: Current situation and retrospective analysis of key interactions ............................................................................... 6 Chapter 1: Local development in the area of Kaş-Kekova: driving forces and socio-economic and ecological trends ................................................................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Features of local development in Kaş-Kekova area: current situation and retrospective trends ......6 1.1.2. Ecological situation ............................................................................................... 8 1.1.3. Institutional situation ............................................................................................. 9 1.2 The forces driving development in Kaş-Kekova SEPA ......................................................... 10 1.2.2. The environmental impacts of the economic activities ........................................................... 12 Chapter 2: Kaş-Kekova Special Environmental Protected Area: effects on local development ......... 14 2.1 Portrait of Kaş-Kekova SEPA in 3 dimensions: social, economic and ecological ......................... 14 2.1.1. Purpose, objectives and means of governance............................................................... 14 2.1.2. Protected ecosystems and targeted biodiversity ............................................................ 15 2.1.3. Zoning and type of usage regulation in the SEPA ............................................................ 17 2.1.4. Type of visitors to the MCPA by activities .................................................................... 18 2.1.5. Usage volumes and attractiveness of the MCPA .............................................................. 21 2.2 Links between Kaş Kekova SEPA and development in the surrounding area ............................. 21 2.2.1. Influence of the Kaş-Kekova SEPA on economical activities in and around the MCPA ........................ 21 2.2.2. Adaptation of local economy to the MCPA constraints and sustainable development opportunities ....... 22 2.2.3. Recent institutional changes influencing the development in and around the SEPA .......................... 22 Chapter 3: Potential development futures in Kaş-Kekova Area and effects of the SEPA .................. 23 3.1 Scope and timeframe of the projection ........................................................................ 23 3.2 Analytical framework of the projection ........................................................................ 23 3.3 Description of main drivers and their parameters ............................................................ 24 3.4 Scenarios definition ................................................................................................ 25 Chapter 4: Assessing the effect of the Kaş-Kekova SEPA on local development in the surrounding area: variations in costs & benefits ............................................................................................................... 25 4.1. Methodology and elements assessed ........................................................................... 25 4.2 Summary of the Results for the three scenarios .............................................................. 26 4.2.1. Fishing .................................................................................................................... 26 4.2.2. Tourism .................................................................................................................. 27 4.2.3. Recreation – Daily Boat Tours ......................................................................................... 28 4.2.4. Scuba Diving ............................................................................................................. 29 4.2.5. Carbon Sequestration .................................................................................................. 30 4.2.6. Waste Water Treatment ............................................................................................... 30 4.3 Costs and Benefits Assessment ................................................................................... 31 4.3.1 Costs 31 4.3.2 Benefits Assessment ..................................................................................................... 31 4.3.3 Comparative assessment ............................................................................................... 32 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 33 References ........................................................................................................................................................ 35 Annex II – Internet news coverage on reported illegal constructions within the SEPA ..................... 40 Annex III – List of Interviewees (September 2011 – February 2012) .................................................... 41 3 Acronyms EU The European Union GDNAP General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection MCPA Marine and Coastal Protected Area MedPAN Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas Network MoEU Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation SEPA Special Environmental Protection Area Monetary conversion rate, December 2011: 1€=2,5TL 1USD=1,9TL 4 Introduction This study is part of a cross Mediterranean analysis led by Plan Bleu on marine and coastal protected areas’ effects on local development dynamics. Plan Bleu has decided to address the issue of environmental economics in the marine environment based on the 2008 Almeria ministerial declaration of the Parties to the Barcelona Convention which promotes the ecosystemic approach as a support for preserving biodiversity and the natural heritage. Accordingly, Plan Bleu’s programme of work for marine and coastal areas deals with three related issues: The economic value of benefits resulting from marine ecosystems The economic mean and sustainability of marine related activities in the Mediterranean, such as fishing, maritime transport, tourism, etc. The effects of marine and coastal ecosystem conservation on socio-economic development and the economic assessment of this effect. This latter question falls within the scope of the Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean Large Marine Ecosystem, initiated by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It is Plan Bleu’s aim to describe and quantify the effects of conservation on the local socio-economic situation by focusing on how five geographically different Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs) in the Mediterranean are affecting sustainable development at local scale. Kaş-Kekova Special Environmental Protection Area (SEPA), located in South Western Turkey, was selected as a case study in line with Plan Bleu’s overall objectives. The study aims to highlight the links between MCPA and development by taking into account an ecosystem service approach whose focus will remain on the marine environment of Kaş-Kekova. Along with the outputs from the other case studies, the results of the present study will be used in the formulation of a synthesis report in due course. 5 Part I: Local development and Kaş-Kekova Special Environmental Protected Area: Current situation and retrospective analysis of key interactions The first part of the report introduces the socio-economic and environmental context of the Kaş- Kekova Special Environmental Protected Area (SEPA) and provides the basis for understanding the local development dynamics in the region and in the SEPA. Chapter 1: Local development in the area of Kaş-Kekova: driving forces and socio- economic and ecological trends In order to comprehend the effect of the Kaş-Kekova SEPA on the local economy and development situation, Chapter 1 focuses on both current and past regional and national socio- economic trends. 1.1 Features of local development in Kaş-Kekova area: current situation and retrospective trends Situated in the province of Antalya, in the Western Turkish Mediterranean, Kaş-Kekova area is rich of archeological and natural features that are found in its terrestrial as well as marine environments. Kaş-Kekova SEPA (orange on Figure 1), declared a protected area in 1990, falls within the administrative authority of two districts, Kaş and Demre (see Figure 1). Figure 1: Map showing the administrative borders in which Kaş-Kekova SEPA is located (source: Adapted from Google Maps and Turkey’s district divisions by Damien Dessane) 1.1.1. Socio-economic development According to the Turkish Development Ministry’s (the former State Planning Organization) 2003 socio-economic development ranking of the provinces, Antalya ranked as the 10th out of 81 provinces in Turkey.1 According to the same public authority’s