' u*^ 4 #1 ,.vl^^ .ki« . /^ 1 i^i >w President White Library, CORNELL UNIVERSITY. ^^ r.*i"'«f^/i# £'^' -r/f ^ 4l " pmt put 4 -' 4 MAR 5 msJi ^*^^-T3"T^ .fT V^ 'f :== "liiM ^rl JERAGILE DOES NO CIRCULATE FRAGILE PAPER Please handle this book with care, as the paper is brittle. The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924071200822 CRON HOLM'S HISTORY OF SWEDEN. OSCAK ir. A HISTORY SWEDEN••••.OF.\J*i^ •••• From the Earliest Times to the Present Day. NEANDER N. CRONHOLM, M.A., PH.D., LL.B. WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOIi, II. PUBLISHED FOR JHE AUTHOR CHICAGO, : NEW YORK, ; LONDON. J902. H C34- ';] isn^3 A. T Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1901 by NEANDEK N, CEONHOLM, In the office of thie Librarian of Congress at Washington. All rights of translation and reproduction reserved. —— CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXJiV. CHARLES X. GUSTAVUS. 1654—1660. Charles X. Gustavus—His Youth and Education—Sought the Hand of Christina—Won the Crown—His Character—The People Dissatisfied with the Government—Preparations for War—Demand for Return of Crown Property—Sweden and Foreign Powers—New Alliances War with Poland—Invasion—A Polish Army Joins the Swedes March on Warsaw—The Cities Taken—The King of Poland Flees to Silesia—Charles Marches on the Elector of Brandenburg Plans of Charles for Partition of Poland—The Poles Rise against the Swedes—Casimir Returns—The Swedes Retreat Charles Surrounded by Enemies—Battle and Victory of Warsaw- Russians Invade Livonia—Defeated by the Swedes—Svweden Forma new AUiances^First Foundation of Prussia—Denmark Declares War—Charles Marches against Her—Invades Denmark^Jutland Overrun—A Terrible Winter Aids Charles—His Army Marches across the Little and Great Belts on the I-ce—Erie Dahlberg—The Swedes at the Gates of Copenhagen—Peace of Roskilde—^Acquisi- tion of Territory—Riksdag—Charles' Future Plans—New War with Denmark—Defense of Copenhagen—Charles' Reverses—^Eng- land'* Mediation Rejected—Riksdag at Gothenburg—Death of Charles X. Gustavus—Internal Improvements—The Boundaries of Sweden—The Heir. '. 1-17 —— r vi. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXV. CHARLES XI. 1660—1697. Sweden and the Child King—Kiksdag—Peace with Poland—Holland- Denmark—Russia—The Regency and Guardians of the King Constitution and Regulations—Members of the Council-Crown Property Misappropriated—Subsidies-Riksdag 1664—Party Spirit —Dissensions in the Council—War on Bremen—Triple Alliance Financial Crisis—Currency^Marine Law—University of Lund—De la Gardie a Patron of Art and Literature—The King's Ma- jority—Reduction of Crown Property—Foreign Policy—^Alliance with France—War with Brandenburg—Defeat of the Swedes War with Holland and Denmark—King's Coronation—^Bitter Feel- ing against the Council-r-,The King Assumes Full Control—Branden- burg and Austria Invade Pomerania—Naval Battles—Denmark's Success on the Sea—Danish Anny Routed—Battle of Lund—The King and His Generals—Victory over the Danes—Reverses on Sea —Success on Land—Victory of the Swedes in Germany—Peace with Austria and German States—With Denmark—An Alliance—Charles Marries the Danish Princess Ulrika Eleonora.. 19—33 CHAPTER XXVr. CHARLES XL- (Continued.) 1660—1697. Sweden at Peace with 'Her Neighbors—King Absolute Dictator—De- mands Reforms in Administration—Reduction of Crown Property- Centralization of Power-—Riksdag of 1680—The Accounting with the Regency and Guardians—The Estates Disagree—Council De- prived of its Power—Decree against Councillors—Property Rednred to Possession of Crown—Councillors Dismissed—Riksdag 1682 Estates Place all Power in the King's Hands—Estates Submissive Doctrine of Absolutism—King's Favorites—Hard Terms of the - Reduction—Despotism of the Aristocracy—The Provinces again under the Authority of the Crown—Reorganization of the Army— Its Size—The Navy—Carlskrona-Energy of the King—Compensa- tion of the Army and Navy—The Law Commission of Lund—^Re- duction in Livonia—Patk'ul—Internal Improvements—Commerce- King the Ecclesiastical Head—Education—Schools and Universities —Sweden Pacific after 1679—Foreign Relations—The European War—Relations with Denmark—Death of the Queen—Last Years of Charles XL—His Death—His Children 34-1'! — CONTENTS. vii. CHAPTER XXVII. CHARLES XII. 1697—1718. Charles XII.—His Birth—His Character—His Youth—Sweden in a Hap- py Condition at Home and Abroad—Size of the Swedish Empire Charles Chafes under a Woman's Rule—Coronation and Incidents Piper All Powerful—Frederic IV. of Denmark—Augustus of Saxony —Peter of Russia—Their Combination against Sweden—Wars Charles' Attitude—His Preparations for War—Combination of the Powers-^Charles Invades Denmark— His Energy—Denmark Con- quered—Treaty of Peace—Departs from Denmark—Charles Xll. Crosses the Baltic—^Advance of the Swedes on Narva—The Army of Peter of Russia-Army of Sweden—Battle of Narva—^Victory of Charles— His Fame Spreads over Europe—Sweden Safe. ..51— 62 CHAPTER XXVIII. CHARLES XII. (Continued.) 1697— 171S. Charles XII. Prepares for War against Poland—Saxon and Russian Armies—Dahlberg Defends Riga—Prepares Plan of Battle Charles Crosses the River—Routs the Saxons and Russians—Takes Possession of Livonia—Denmark, Russia and Poland Conquered in Less than One Year—Declines Terms of Peace—Augustus must be Dethroned—Political Conditions of Poland—Augustus Begs for Peace—Countess Konigsmark—Charles Advances against Augustus —Battle of Klissow—Dead and^ Wounded—Tactics of the Swedes in Advancing—Stenbock—Anarchy in Poland—Battle of Pultusk Thorn—Confederacy—Stanislaus Leczinski Elected King—Charles XII. Supports Him-—Inactivity of Charles—Sudden Attack on Augustus—:His Abdication—Peace—Patkul's Trial and Execution Justification Therefor—Russia's Advance in Finland—The Swed- ish Army Opposing-Charles XII. at the Height of Power—His Am- bition for Military Glory—The Last of the Varangians—His Few Wants—March on Russia—Charles' Generals—His Plans—Battle of Halovzin—^Advance on Moscow—Charles Marches into Ukraine Mazeppa and His Adventures—The Czar and Charles XII. meet at Pultava—The Battle—The Castastrophe—Escape of Charles—His Army Perished or Prisoners. , . , 63—78 — ?iii. CONTE^TS. CHAPTER XXIX. CHARLES XII. (Continued.) 1697—1718. Effect of the Battle of Pultava—Its Results—Charles Lost his Prestige —Sweden's Jeopardy—The Regency—Danes Invade Sweden—^Patri- otism of the Swedes—Drain on the Country—The Caroliner—Mag- nus Stenbock—His Army—Attacks and Defeats—Danes at Helsing- borg—Trans-Baltic Provinces Invaded by Peter—Charles XII. in Turkey—His Reception and Subsidies—His Plottings with the Sultan against Russia—War by Sultan against Russia—The Armies of the Belligerents—Czar in a Trap—Negotiations for Peace —Catherine I.—Her Life and Character—Bribing the Turks—Peace Concluded—Charles XII. Ignored—Charles XII. at Bender—Turks in League with the Czar—Attempts to Force Charles XII. from Turkey —10,000 Turks Attack Charles XIL—The Kalabalik—Charles XII. at Adrianople—Refuses to Conclude Peace—The Regency—Stenbock in German}"—Battle of Gadebush—The Swedes Victorious—Marcli into Holstein and made Prisoners—The Council Convinces Charles XII. of the Country's Danger—His Return from Turkey—Arrival at Stralsund—Lund—Gortz—Charles XII. Invades Norway—The Camp—Death of Charles XIL—Personality of the King. ..79—91 CHAPTER XXX. ULRIKA ELEONORA. 1718—1720. Death of Charles XII. an Epoch—Changes in Government after his — Death—Contention among the Pretenders ^The Generals Evacuate Norway—Charles Fredric—Ulrika and the Council—^The Riksdag of 1719—Ulrika Eleonora Elected Queen—Gortz Tried, Condemned and Executed—New Constitution—Government a Monarchy and Oli- garchy—Enormous Debts—Arvid Horn—His Power and Influence The Queen Capricious and Arbitrary—The Council Favors Fredric for King—^Peace with Hanover—^War with Denmark—Russians on the Swedish Coasts—The Sondes save the Country—Bremen and Werden—English and Swedish Fleets and Operations—Peace with Russia.—Riksdag 1720—Succession to the Crown—Generosity of Fredric, Prince Consort—Queen Abdicates in Favor of Fredric - • . 93-99 —— CONTEXTS. ix. CHAPTER XXXI. FREDRIC 1. ' 1720—1751.' The Prince Elected and Crowned King—Arvid Horn, Chancellor—Hi3 Abilities—Peace with Denmarlt—Terms of Peace—Peace with Russia—Sweden in Straights—Her New Course—The King from Dictator to a Figure-head—Riksdag Legislator—Council the Ruler—The Four Estates—The "Period of Liberty"—Secret Com- mission the Sole Ruler—The Holstein Party—Catherine I. of Russia—Horn Seeks Other Alliance—Horn in Full Power—His Wise Administration—Polish War of Succession—France's Intrigues Sweden Prosperous under Horn's Government—Manufactures and Commerce—Import and Export—New Code of Law 1736. ..100—110 CHAPTER XXXIL . FREDRIC I. (Continued.) 1720—1751. Political Activity Alter 1734—Hats and Caps—The Nobility and Com- mons—Hats in Majority—Horn Resigns as Chancellor—Secret Com- mission Rules—Change of Administration—Subsidies and Tariff Murder of Sinclair by Russian Soldiers—Waxlike Preparations Death of German Emperor and Russian Empress—^France to At- tack Austria—Sweden and Russia—Duplicitjt of Negotiations—^Lev- enhaupt Commander—War in Collusion with Elizabeth—Armistice —War Opens—Retreat of the Swedes—Mutiny—^Incompetent Of- ficers—^Helsingfors Surrenders—Disgraceful Conduct of the War The Hats in Disgrace—^Election of Successor to the Throne—Strug- gles Over Election—Insurrection of the Sondes—Adolph Fredric elected Successor—Peace with Russia—^Denmark Ready for War Russian Garrisons in Sweden—Adolph Fredric, Crown Prince—His Character—Louisa Ulrika, Crown Princess—Her Accomplishments Prince Abandons the Russian Party—Takes Part with the French The Hats Cater to the Prince—Death of Fredric—Hats' Internal Administration—Patriotism and Internal Improvements—^Moncy Crisis^Intellectual Development—Arts anid Luxury—Linne—^Roscn stein—Daiin—^Lagerbring—Ehrensvard 111—124 — X. X!ONTENTS.