About the Contributors and Discussants ADRIEN AUCLERT is a macroeconomist whose research focuses on inequality, consumption, monetary and fi scal policy, and international economics. His recent work explores the interactions between macro- economics and inequality as well as the redistributive eff ects of monetary and fi scal policy. He received his PhD in economics from MIT in 2015 and was a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University from 2015–16. He teaches macroeconomics and international economics at Stanford, where he is a faculty member of the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and is a faculty research fellow at the National Bureau of Economic Research. RAPHAEL BOSTIC became the fi ft eenth president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta on June 5, 2017. Before coming to the Bank, he was a professor of public policy at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. He brings a wealth of experience from an outstanding career in academia, government, and research. Bostic served as assistant secre- tary for policy development and research at the Department of Housing and Urban Development. He also spent several years as an economist at the Board of Governors. He has a passion for understanding the housing sector and how credit markets, fi nancing, and public policy work together to help people achieve the American dream. He has published extensively in academic journals. He earned a PhD in economics from Stanford University and earned his undergraduate degree at Harvard. Since join- ing the Atlanta Fed as president and CEO, he has spent much of his time on public outreach, sharing his deep knowledge of business and fi nancial conditions. He is also a voting member this year on the Federal Open Market Committee, the Fed’s policy- making group. 320 About the Contributors and Discussants JOHN H. COCHRANE is an economist. He is the Rose- Marie and Jack Anderson Senior Fellow of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. His academic writing focuses on monetary economics and fi nance. He writes op- eds in the Wall Street Journal and blogs as “the Grumpy Economist.” Cochrane earned a bachelor’s degree in physics at MIT and earned his PhD at the University of California–Berkeley. He was a pro- fessor of economics and then of fi nance at the University of Chicago Economics Department and then Booth School of Business before com- ing to Hoover. SEBASTIAN EDWARDS is the Henry Ford II Professor of International Economics at the University of California–Los Angeles. From 1993 to 1996, he was chief economist for Latin America at the World Bank. He has published fi ft een books and more than two hundred scholarly articles. He was the codirector of the National Bureau of Economic Research’s Africa Project. Edwards has been an adviser to numerous governments, fi nancial institutions, and multinational companies. He is a frequent com- mentator on economic matters on CNN and other cable outlets. His op- ed pieces have been published in the Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, the Los Angeles Times, El País (Spain), La Vanguardia (Spain), Clarín (Argentina), El Mercurio (Chile), and other newspapers around the world. His latest book is American Default: The Untold Story of FDR, the Supreme Court and the Battle for Gold (Princeton University Press, 2018). Other books include Toxic Aid: Economic Collapse and Recovery in Tanzania (Oxford University Press, 2014), Left Behind: Latin America and the False Promise of Populism (University of Chicago Press, 2011), and Crisis and Reform in Latin America: From Despair to Hope (Oxford University Press, 1995). He has been president of the Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association and was a member of the Scientifi c Advisory Council of the Kiel Institute for the World Economy in Kiel, Germany. He was also a member of former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s Council of Economic Advisers. In 2013, he was awarded the Carlos Díaz- Alejandro Prize in recognition of his research on Latin American economies. He was educated at the Universidad Católica de Chile. He received an MA in economics in 1978 and a PhD in economics in 1981, both from the University of Chicago. PETER R. FISHER is senior fellow at the Center for Business, Govern- ment & Society at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, where he About the Contributors and Discussants 321 also serves as a clinical professor. He is a director of the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation and of the Peterson Institute for International Economics. He is a member of the Advisory Committee on Systemic Resolution of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and of the advi- sory board of the MIT Golub Center for Finance and Policy. From 2004 to 2013, Fisher worked at BlackRock, where he served in several capacities, including head of fi xed income portfolio management and chairman of BlackRock Asia. From 2001 to 2003, he served as undersecretary of the US Treasury for domestic fi nance. From 1985 to 2001, he worked at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, concluding his service as an exec- utive vice president and manager of the Federal Reserve System Open Market Account. Fisher has previously served as a member of the Strategic Advisory Committee of the Agence France Trésor, as a nonexecutive director of the Financial Services Authority of the United Kingdom, and as an independent director of AIG. He received a JD degree from Harvard Law School and a BA in history from Harvard College. ESTHER L. GEORGE is president and chief executive offi cer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. She is a member of the Federal Open Market Committee, which sets US monetary policy. She has more than thirty years of experience in the Federal Reserve, with her early career primarily focused on regulatory oversight of banks and fi nancial holding companies in seven states. She was directly involved in the banking super- vision and discount window lending activities during the banking crisis of the 1980s and post- 9/11. During the most recent fi nancial crisis, she served as the acting director of the Federal Reserve Board’s Division of Banking Supervision and Regulation in Washington, DC. She has served as president of the Bank since October 2011 and currently leads the Federal Reserve’s eff orts to modernize the US payments system. She hosts the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City’s International Economic Policy Symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. She is a native of Missouri. GITA GOPINATH is the John Zwaanstra Professor of International Studies and of Economics at Harvard University. Her research focuses on international fi nance and macroeconomics. She is codirector of the International Finance and Macroeconomics program at the National Bureau of Economic Research, a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, a member of the economic advisory panel of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, economic adviser to the chief minister of 322 About the Contributors and Discussants Kerala state in India, a coeditor at the American Economic Review, and coeditor of the current Handbook of International Economics. She was managing editor of the Review of Economic Studies. She also served as a member of the Eminent Persons Advisory Group on G- 20 Matters for India’s Ministry of Finance. In 2011, she was chosen as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum. In 2014, she was named one of the top twenty- fi ve economists under age forty- fi ve by the IMF. Before going to Harvard, she was an assistant professor of economics at the University of Chicago’s Graduate School of Business. OLEG ITSKHOKI is professor of economics and international aff airs at Princeton University. His research interests are in the fi elds of macro- economics and international economics. One line of his research focuses on the eff ects of globalization on labor markets, in particular unemploy- ment and income inequality. Another line of his research studies the pric- ing policies of fi rms in international transactions, in particular focusing on currency choice by importing and exporting fi rms and its implication for macroeconomic policies. He also explores the role of large fi rms in international transmission of shocks. His most recent research is centered around the issue of optimal macroeconomic policies in currency unions and optimal development and industrial policies in economies with fi nan- cial frictions. He was a participant in the Review of Economic Studies tour, a Sloan Research Fellow, and a recipient of the Excellence Award in Global Economic Aff airs from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. His research was supported by a National Science Foundation grant and his work is published in the American Economic Review, Econometrica, Quarterly Journal of Economics, and Review of Economic Studies. He is a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research and a research affi liate at the Centre for Economic and Policy Research. He earned his BA at Moscow State University, MA at the New Economics School (Moscow), and PhD at Harvard University. ROBERT S. KAPLAN has served as the thirteenth president and CEO of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas since September 8, 2015. He rep- resents the Eleventh Federal Reserve District on the Federal Open Market Committee in the formulation of US monetary policy and oversees the 1,200 employees of the Dallas Fed. Kaplan was previously the Martin Marshall Professor of Management Practice and a senior associate dean About the Contributors and Discussants 323 at the Harvard Business School. Before joining Harvard in 2006, Kaplan was vice chairman of the Goldman Sachs Group, with global responsibil- ity for the fi rm’s Investment Banking and Investment Management divi- sions.