THE KINGDOM OF SWAZILAND TECHNOLOGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT FOR CLIMATE CHANGE TNA MITIGATION BARRIER AND ENABLING FRAMEWORK REPORT FOR SWAZILAND Ma y 2 017 Contents List of Tables .......................................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures .......................................................................................................................................... v Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. ii Units ........................................................................................................................................................ ii Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 Background on Prioritised Technologies and Methodology for Barrier Analysis and Enabling Framework ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Prioritisation of technologies ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Selection of technologies for barrier analysis and enabling framework ...................................... 1 1.3 Barrier Analysis and Possible Enabling Measures Methodology .................................................. 3 Energy Sector ......................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Preliminary targets for Technology Transfer and Diffusion .......................................................... 6 2.2 Barrier Analysis and Possible Enabling Measures for Technology 1: Energy Efficient Buildings .. 9 2.2.1 General description of the technology .................................................................................. 9 2.2.2 Identification of barriers for technology .............................................................................. 11 2.2.3 Identification of measures for the technology .................................................................... 12 2.2.4 Cost benefit analysis for technology .................................................................................... 13 2.3 Barrier Analysis and Possible Measures for Technology 2: Combined Heat and Power ............ 15 2.3.1 General description Technology .......................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Identification of barriers for the technology ....................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Identification of measures for technology ........................................................................... 17 2.3.4 Cost benefit analysis ............................................................................................................ 18 2.4 Barrier Analysis and Possible Measures for technology 3: Solar PV ........................................... 19 2.4. 1 General description of solar PV technology ........................................................................ 19 2.4.2 Identification of barriers ...................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Identification of measures ................................................................................................... 22 2.4.4 Cost benefit analysis ............................................................................................................ 26 2.5 Linkages of the barriers identified .............................................................................................. 27 2.5.1 High cost of technology and technology awareness of financial institutions ..................... 27 2.5.2 Low awareness of benefits of technology ........................................................................... 27 2.5.3 Inadequate level of appropriate skills .................................................................................. 27 2.5.4 Regulatory framework ......................................................................................................... 28 2.6 Enabling Framework for Overcoming Barriers in the Energy Sector .......................................... 28 ii 2.6.1 Enabling framework top overcome common barriers for in the energy sector .................. 28 3.6.2 Enabling framework for barriers specific to energy efficient building technology ............. 29 2.6.3.2 Enabling framework specific to CHP technology .............................................................. 29 2.6.4 Enabling framework for barriers specific to solar PV technology ........................................ 30 Waste Sector ........................................................................................................................ 32 3.1 Preliminary targets for the transfer and diffusion of the Sector ................................................ 32 3.2 Barrier analysis and possible enabling measures for Technology 1: Waste Sorting ................... 34 3.2.1 General description technology ........................................................................................... 34 3.2.2 Identification of barriers for the technology ....................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Identification of measures for the technology .................................................................... 39 3.2.4 Cost-benefits analysis of the sort reuse recycle and upcycle technology ........................... 42 3.3 Barrier analysis and possible enabling measures for Technology 2: Composting ...................... 43 3.3.1 General Description of Technology ...................................................................................... 43 3.3.2 Identification of barriers for the technology ....................................................................... 44 3.3.3 Identified measures for the technology .............................................................................. 45 3.3.4 Cost benefit analysis for the technology ............................................................................. 47 3.4 Linkages of the barriers identified .............................................................................................. 48 3.4.1 Barriers related to high cost and low access to finance ...................................................... 48 3.4.2 Barriers related to manpower capacitation ......................................................................... 48 3.4.3 Barriers related to lack of knowledge and awareness ......................................................... 48 3.4.4 Barriers related to administrative issues ............................................................................. 48 3.5 Enabling Framework for Overcoming Barriers in the Waste Sector ........................................... 49 Land Use Land Use Change and Forestry ............................................................................. 52 4.1 Preliminary targets for technology transfer and diffusion under LULUCF ................................. 52 4.2 Barrier analysis and possible enabling measures for Technology 1: Agroforestry ..................... 54 4.2.1 General Description of the technology ................................................................................ 54 4.2.2 Identification of barriers for the technology ....................................................................... 55 4.2.3 Identification of measures for the technology .................................................................... 57 4.2.4 Cost benefit analysis of the technology ............................................................................... 59 4.3 Barrier analysis and possible enabling measures for Technology 2: Urban Forestry ................. 59 4.3.1 General description of the Technology ................................................................................ 59 4.3.2 Identification of barriers for the technology ....................................................................... 62 4.3.3 Identification of measures the technology .......................................................................... 63 4.3.4 Cost benefit analysis ................................................................................................................ 64 iii 4.4 Linkages of the barriers identified .............................................................................................. 65 4.4.1 Insufficient capital, high cost, low access to finance and unattractive carbon markets ..... 65 4.4.2 Inadequate knowledge and low of awareness .................................................................... 65 4.4.3 Barriers related to resources ............................................................................................... 65 4.5 Enabling Framework for overcoming the barriers in LULUCF sector .......................................... 65 6 Enabling framework for overcoming the barriers ............................................................................. 67 References ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Annexe 1: Problem and Solution Trees for Technologies ....................................................................