AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN BIJNOR DISTRICT OF U.P. STATE THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Agricultural Economics & Business Management Submitted by Mohammad Awais Under the supervision of Dr. Rais Ahmad (Associate Professor) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH, INDIA 2011 Office/Fax : 0571-2702238 Mob. : +91-9411804579 Dr. Rais Ahmad Univ.Fax : 0571-2700528 M.Com., Ph.D., FDPM - (IIM-A) Pbx : 0571-2700920-23 Associate Professor Extn : 3755 Ex-Professor in Management Studies in JMI, New Delhi Email : [email protected] Ex-Chairman Dated:…………. CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee Certified that the thesis entitled “An Analytical Study of Socio- Economic Conditions of Tribal Farmers in Bijnor District of U.P. State”, which is being submitted by Mr. Mohammad Awais for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agricultural Economics & Business Management to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh has been carried out under my supervision and guidance. To the best of my knowledge and belief, it is an original research work. Dr. Rais Ahmad (Supervisor) DDeeddiiccaatteedd TToo MMyy PPaarreennttss && GGrraanndd PPaarreennttss WWiitthh tthheeiirr BBlleessssiinnggss tthhee wwoorrkk ssaaww lliigghhtt ooff tthhee ddaayy Acknowledgement “In the name of Allah the most beneficent and merciful” I am highly grateful and feel my proud privilege to take an opportunity of expressing my deepest and heartiest sense of gratitude to my esteemed supervisor Dr. Rais Ahmad, Ex-Chairman and Associate Professor, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Business Management, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (Ex-Professor in Management Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi) for his scholarly advice, noble guidance, paternal treatment, incessant encouragement, ebullient inspiration, valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms during the course of investigation and preparation of this thesis. His humanitarian outlook and constant encouragement have left an ever-lasting impression on the canvas of my mind. I extend my heartiest thanks to Prof. Shamim Ahmad, Chairman, Dr. Saghir Ahmad Ansari, Dr. Akram A. Khan and Mr. Shamsuzzaman, Dept. of Agricultural Economics & Business Management, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for their help and necessary support in carrying out this work. I feel privileged to express earnest thanks to my respected teacher Dr. Ramesh Singh, Head, Dept. of Agriculture Economics, R. S. M. (P. G.) College, Dhampur, Bijnor for his kind and valuable suggestions and timely help during the period of this work. I extend my gratitude to Shri P. K. Dwiedi, member of Servant of India Society, Bajpur (Udham Singh Nagar) and also all the tribal farmers of districts Bijnor and Udham Singh Nagar. The patience and willful cooperation extended by tribal farmers and their leaders enabled me to complete data collection. I extend my thanks to my chamber mates Dr. Mohd. Asif, Mohd. Arshad Khan, Madhav Goel and Sakeer E. for their valuable comments and suggestions, which helped me a lot in giving the inquiry a pointed sense of direction. I am grateful to all my friends Mr. Mohd. Muqeet Khan, Tosib Alam, Salman Hyder, Dr. Rajesh Pundhir, Abbasi and Ayaz Ahmad who kept the pressure on me by their sympathetic enquiries and advised me on various conceptual and theoretical issues related with the study. I have the deepest sense of admiration to my maternal uncle Mr. Syed Iftikhar Hussain, Mrs. Nighat Shaheen and Mr. Syed Anjum Hussain for their noble advice, endless help and keeping my morale high without which I would not have been what I am. As a special gesture of appreciation, I wish to place on record my profound sense of heartfelt appreciation to Mr. Mohd. Shoeb Khan, Mohd. Rashid Alig., Aneesuddin Choudhry, Soveer Singh and Mushaf Zaidi who always positively, selflessly and untiringly encourage me to do this arduous task. I also owe a special debt of gratitude to Mr. Khursheedul Haq and Tehzib Rabbani who helped me in carrying out my field work. Diction is not enough to express earnest thanks to my friends Mr. Shueb Ahmad, Mohd. Irfan, Syed Afzal Ahmad, Mohd. Khalid Khan, Amjad Hussain and Mohd. Talib for their help and assistance at different points of time. My eternal gratitude goes to my adorable mother in law and admirable Dr. Kaleem Afrough Zaidi, Zafar Tahir Zaidi with bhabis Shaista and Nargis for their consistent inspiration, encouragement and moral support during my hard time without which my long cherished aspirations would have been vanished. I sincerely acknowledge to Mr. Farid A. Zaidi, Mrs. Shaista, Saima, Sheeba, M/s. Zeeshan Badar, Syed Mehmood Zaidi and S. M. A. Haider for their morale boosting support and encouragement always kept me on toes for early submission of research work. I thank Almighty for giving me nice parents. My vocabulary fails to acknowledge the affection, care, inspiration and benediction which I received from my dearest parents, Ammi and Papa, who have lit the flame of learning in me and enabled me to reach the footsteps of my long cherished goal, and at every stage of my life. Whatever, I am today is because of their prayer, love and blessings. My acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning the name of my family members Dr. Khaleeq Ahmad, Azam, Asad, Ahsan, bhabi Samreen, sister Sabiha and Mr. Noorul Haq with loving ones Rahima, Madiha, Usman and Mustafa for their encouragement, moral support and prayer for my success. I am also grateful to all the members of non-teaching staff especially Mr. Tehsin Iqbal Siddiqui of Dept. Agricultural Economics & Business Management, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for their cooperation and help from time to time during the course of study. I am also thankful to Mr. A.K. Azad and Abdul Mannan of All-In-One Compuwriters, Aligarh, for typographical work of my thesis in short time. Last but most definitely not the least, words fail to owe special thanks to my amorous better half Dr. Naheen Haider Zaidi for being my support system, for patiently bearing with me, her unfathomable love, encouragement and inexhaustible help without which this study would have remained a daydream. (Mohammad Awais) AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF TRIBAL FARMERS IN BIJNOR DISTRICT OF U.P. STATE ABSTRACT SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Agricultural Economics & Business Management Submitted by Mohammad Awais Under the supervision of Dr. Rais Ahmad (Associate Professor) DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT, ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH, INDIA 2011 1 ABSTRACT “An Analytical Study of Socio-Economic Conditions of Tribal Farmers in Bijnor District of U.P. State” In the present study the tribals are socio-economically backward as compared to the non-tribals. Agriculture is the primary source of livelihood for the overwhelming majority of the tribal population in the study area. Different agricultural strategies have been launched after 1966 in the country to bring about economic development in agriculture sector. In the study area, where agriculture is the main occupation of tribals, they are still backward. So as to eradicate the problems of tribal people, it becomes necessary on the part of the policy makers to identify and quantify the socio-economic factors which are inhibiting their growth and development. Keeping these views in mind an analytical study of socio-economic conditions of tribal farmers in Bijnor district of U.P. state was conducted with the specific objectives. These are to study the different aspects of tribal development in India, to review the socio-economic features of tribes in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, to highlight the state of agriculture in the study area, to examine the socio-economic conditions of tribal farmers, to compare the tribal farmers of Bijnor district in Uttar Pradesh with the Udham Singh Nagar district in Uttrakhand so as to analyze the levels of socio-economic development and to suggest viable measures to overcome constraints so as to improve the socio-economic conditions of tribal farmers. Under the selected districts of Bijnor and Udham Singh Nagar four blocks had been selected viz. Kotwali, Najibabad, Afzalgarh and 2 Gadarpur, for comparative study which have largest population of Buksa tribes. Farmers from the different categories like landless, marginal, small and medium were selected on the basis of their land holdings. Primary data were collected from the sample tribal farmers on different socio-economic aspects with the help of structured collective questionnaires and secondary data were collected from different official sources. The data were computed with simple statistical tools like frequencies, percentages and averages. The present study has been divided into seven chapters. First Chapter serves as an introduction containing the conceptual framework, significance of the study, statement of the problem, objectives and study area and methodology. A review of literature related to tribal studies is carried out in the Second Chapter. Third Chapter sketched about the tribal development in India. The Constitution of India has not only made specific provisions to protect tribals who make 8.2 percent of the total population but also has imposed the Constitutional obligation of regular review of performance and development effect directly to the President of India. With the dawn of independence and adoption of the Constitution of