Alinteri J. of Agr. Sci. (2019) 34(1): 47-56 http://dergipark.gov.tr/alinterizbd e-ISSN: 2587-2249 http://www.alinteridergisi.com/ [email protected] DOI: 10.28955/alinterizbd.574361 RESEARCH ARTICLE Spatial and Temporal Change Monitoring in Water Surface Area of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques 1* 2 Semih Kale , Deniz Acarlı 1Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Çanakkale/Turkey 2Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Gökçeada School of Applied Sciences, Çanakkale/Turkey ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: Spatial and temporal changes in surface area of Atikhisar Reservoir were monitored by using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques from 1975 to 2017. Satellite images were processed, analysed and manually digitized to reveal the changes in surface area of the reservoir. The results showed that total surface Received: 15.01.2019 area of the reservoir was ranged between 1.72km2 and 3.84km2 during the monitoring period. Maximum increase Accepted: 11.03.2019 in the surface area has been observed with 74.6% while maximum decrease has been observed with 31.8%. These fluctuations could be related with the climatic changes, natural and man-made processes such as sediment Available Online: 21.06.2019 transportation, water leakages, excessive water exploitation for drinking, domestic or agricultural purposes, and human interventions along the reservoir. Therefore, surface area should be monitored continuously and all factors Keywords: influencing the variation in surface area should be considered in decision making processes to support water sharing policy toward the management of water resources. Atikhisar GIS Monitoring Remote Sensing Surface Area Please cite this paper as follows: Kale, S. and Acarlı, D. (2019). Spatial and Temporal Change Monitoring in Water Surface Area of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) by using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 34(1): 47-56. doi: 10.28955/alinterizbd.574361 surface areas was observed because of the global warming, Introduction increasing evaporation, and excessive water consumption. Reservoirs and lakes have significant role for hydrological Calculating lake surface area is more appropriate to cycle and they are used to water storage, irrigation, flood understand the response of lake to variation in the hydrologic preventing, energy production, and moderating the impacts of balance than depth and volume (Benson and Paillet, 1989). the climate change. Reservoirs and lakes are affected by Monitoring spatial and temporal changes of water surface in natural processes and human interventions. Significant lakes and reservoirs is one of the most important issue for both changes have been observed in reservoirs and lakes worldwide local and global scale within the last century. Reservoirs and such as variations in shape, size and ecology of reservoirs and lakes serve as a water supplier for the purposes of drinking, lakes (Jiang et al., 2012; Feyisa et al., 2014; Pekel et al., domestic usage, agricultural and anthropogenic activities. 2016). The expansion of the surface areas was occurred in Therefore, water resources should be continuously monitored some part of the world caused by the snow melting and glacial to ensure the sustainable exploitation of water from lakes and melting due to rising temperature while decreasing of the reservoirs. The management of water resources needs * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 47 Kale and Acarlı (2019). Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 34(1): 47-56 inclusive information on the water environment to make more monitoring of spatial and temporal changes in water surface appropriate action plans for supporting the improvement of area of Atikhisar Reservoir. This paper, therefore, aimed to water resources in a sustainable way (Voutilainen et al., 2007). monitor spatiotemporal changes in water surface area of In this context, remote sensing technologies provide Atikhisar Reservoir by using remote sensing and GIS comprehensive data for scientists and researchers on water technologies. resources. Remote sensing of water resources became more important Materials and Methods in recent decades due to the climate change and deteriorating ecology issues (Ekercin, 2007). Remote sensing systems can be used to provide historical spatial data with the advantages of Study Area acquisition frequency and synoptic capabilities (White and El- Çanakkale is located in the north-western part of Turkey Asmar, 1999). Satellite imageries are used to determine the along the coasts of Aegean Sea. The city was divided by the temporal changes in water resources and monitoring changes Çanakkale Strait and located on both Asia and Europe with satellite imageries makes it possible to achieve more continents. The climate in Çanakkale is typical transition successful results in a short time than traditional methods. climate which winter is rainy and cold, and summer is dry and Similarly, geographic information system (GIS) is an important hot (Kale 2017a). Atikhisar Reservoir (Figure 1) was built on technology that commonly applied in numerous fields including Sarıçay Stream which it has its source from Ida Mountains and change monitoring in water resources and it is a crucial tool runs into Çanakkale Strait (Ejder et al., 2016a). The water for extracting and analysing reliable information from satellite storage was started in June 1975 in the reservoir. Atikhisar imageries. Therefore, integrating remote sensing data with GIS Reservoir is the only drinking water source for more than 130 provides new base data for further analyses. thousand inhabitants. The reservoir supplies water for the Monitoring of spatial and temporal changes using satellite purposes of drinking and irrigation to the people in the basin images has globally become crucial for better understanding and it also serves for preventing floods. Normal water level and explaining of environmental changes in the reservoirs. was described as 61 m for the reservoir by The General Spatial and temporal changes of water surface in lakes and Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (SHW). SHW also reservoirs were monitored by several scientists (Sidle et al., indicated that the surface area is 3 km2 and volume is 40 hm3 2007; El-Asmar et al., 2013; Abu-Faraj et al., 2014; Hossen et when the reservoir has normal water level. The reservoir is al., 2018; Ji et al., 2018; Tan et al., 2018; Yapiyev et al., under pressure of agricultural activities and discharged wastes 2019). There are few researches on change monitoring of from rural areas (Akbulut et al., 2010; Selvi and Kaya, 2013). water surface in lakes and reservoirs in Turkey (Akar et al., The climate of the basin is largely defined as transition climate 2002; Reis and Yılmaz, 2008; Durduran, 2010; Avdan et al., by Koç (2001) and the basin shows mountainside characteristic 2013; Bahadır, 2013; Battal et al., 2016; Erener et al., 2016; that predominantly formed with Eosen-Oligosen andesite, Yücel and Turan, 2016; Sarp and Ozcelik, 2017; Topuz and tuffs, and dacite (Koç, 2007). Karabulut, 2018). However, there is no published paper on the Figure 1 The location of Atikhisar Reservoir 48 Kale and Acarlı (2019). Alınteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 34(1): 47-56 calculated in 1986 while maximum was calculated in 2011 Satellite Imageries (Figure 2). Decrease and increase in the surface area were observed Satellite images are appropriate for monitoring and during the monitoring period. Maximum increase in the surface mapping of wetlands where information about wetland is area has been observed in 2009 with 74.6% increase while unavailable and funds are limited (Ozesmi and Bauer, 2002). maximum decrease has been observed in 2007 with 31.8% The most common satellites used to explore the Earth are (Figure 3). Landsat satellites. Landsat makes available the longest continuously obtained assembly of space-based remote sensing The results indicate a significant decreasing trend in data for earth surface. Satellite images used in the study were surface area during the period between 1975 and 1986. obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) data Reservoir significantly lost its water surface area in 1986 with archive at the same month (i.e., June) in each year between a 38% decrease when compared to the year 1975. Water 1975 and 2017 to avoid inter-annual and seasonal variations surface area increased for a short term and decreased again in (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov). June was selected because 1990. Surface area could not reach the initial amount until of the reservoir gets started to storage water in June 1975. 1996 and it increased for 3 years between 1996 and 1998 as Remotely sensed satellite imageries were collected by compared to 1975. Then, water surface area exhibited a sharp satellites of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Thematic decrease in 2001. This decrease was calculated 47.3% when Mapper (TM), Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), and compared with 1998 and 31.5% when compared with the initial Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor amount of area (Table 1). (TIRS). Spatial resolution is 60 m for MSS, 30 m for TM, ETM+, Spatial and temporal changes in water surface area of and OLI/TIRS while panchromatic band (band 8) has 15 m Atikhisar Reservoir were presented in Figure 4 by thematic spatial resolution