The People of the Mountains Mata, Ritchelle Abigail P. Polido, Pristine Joy B. TINGUE = mountaineers Therefore, TINGGUIAN means “the people of the mountains” ITNEG: Samtoy (Ilocano) name for tingguians LOKASYON Apay nga awan ti gobyerno da? because their communities are relatively small and easy to govern They are peace-loving people. council of elders: wields their authority PANGLACAYEN: term used for elders Anya ti itsura da? Anya ti langa da? SUBTRIBES AND THEIR SUBSISTENCE Banaos: made their reputation in agriculture, deriving their livelihood from what the soil yeilds. The Banaos are in municipalities of Daguioman and Malibcong. Masadi-its: nomadic in existence; the kaingeros in the tribe. The Masadi-its are found in Manabo, Bucloc, Sallapadan and Boliney. Maengs: ranchers found in towns of Tubo, San Isidro, Villaviciosa, and Malibcong. Mabacas: game hunters and fishermen. They are found in Lacub and Malibcong. Adasen: found in Dolores, Langilang, Sallapadan and Tineg Balatocs: the Tingguian counterpart of the Tubo tribe of Mindanao wilds for being the skilled craftsmen. Crafts include: carve mortars, grinding stones, cast bolos and similar impalements. Binongans: summate romantics, they are carefree, they are more pre- occupied with their guitars and musical instruments. Other sub-tribes: Adasen: found in Dolores, Langilang, Sallapadan and Tineg Gubangs: found in Malibcong and Tayum. Danak: relatively a small group, they are scattered throughout the province of Abra. Ang KOMUNIDAD The Tinguian are familiar with the Igorot town, made up of several ato but there is no indication that they have ever had such an institution. Generally consists of 2 – 3 settlements situated near each other and under the authority of a LAKAY LAKAY Head of the village usually a man past middle age whose wealth and superior knowledge have given him the confidence of is chosen by the older men his people of the village, and holds his position for life unless he is removed for cause It is possible that, at his death, his son may succeed him, but this is by no means certain In former times two or three villages would occasionally unite to form a loose union, the better to resist a powerful enemy. It is probable that the early Tingguian settlement consisted of one or more closely related groups. Even today the family ties are so strong that it was found possible, in compiling the genealogical tables, to trace back the family history five or six generations. Families of means attain a social standing above that of their less fortunate townsmen, but there is no sharp stratification of the community into noble and serf. Sometimes men act, dress and spend time with women. It is believed that it is because during the spanish regime, they don’t like to do road works. POTA (..oops!) The concubines, known as pota, are deprived of certain rights, and they are held somewhat in contempt by the other women, but they are in no sense slaves. They may possess property, and their children may become leaders in Tingguian society. LAWS Law, government, and custom are synonymous. Whatever the ancestors did is right, and hence has religious sanction. The lakay and his advisors will give their decisions according to the decrees of the past, if that is possible, but when precedent is lacking, they will deliberate and decide on a course. The following may be taken as typical of the laws or customs which regulate the actions of the people, within a group, toward one another. Dagiti gundaway nga suruten iti pamilya A man may have only one wife, but he may keep concubines. If the wife's relatives suspect that a mistress is causing the husband's affections to wane, they may hold the NAGKAKALONAN or “trial of affection”, and if their charges are sustained, the husband must pay them a considerable amount, and, in addition, stand all the expenses of the gathering. If it is shown that they are not justified in their suspicions, the expense falls on the accusers. A man who has a child by an unmarried woman, not a pota, must give the girl's people about one hundred pesos, and must support the infant. Later the child comes into his keeping, and is recognized as an heir to his estate. Incest is prohibited. It is said that offenders would be cut off from the village; no one would associate with them, and their children would be disinherited. A widow may remarry after the Layog ceremony, but all the property of her first husband goes to his children. Culture and Tradition MEN’S ADORNMENT wears clout (ba-al), either of beaten bark or of cloth, and a woven belt (baliks) in which he keeps small articles. On special occasions, a Tingguian wears a long-sleeved jacket (bado), open in front, and in a few instances, trousers. The man is not inclined to adorn himself with brass and gold, neither does he use tattooing to any extent, as do his Kalinga and Igorot neighbors. Some have small patterns on an arm or thigh, but these are usually property marks with which he brands his animals or other possessions. Tattoo marks: not considered an evidence of a successful head-hunt, nor are there other marks or garments to identify the warriors. bark band (ayabong): holds the hair in place, but at times it is replaced by a cloth or a narrow ring of interwoven grass and rattan. Round bamboo hats, with low dome-shaped tops, are commonly worn, but these are sometimes displaced by hats which go to a sharp peak, or by those made of a gourd or of wood. WOMEN’S ADORNME NT hair: adorned by strings of beads often washed with the ashes of rice-straw, or with the bark of the gogo tree (Entada purseta), and is moistened with coconut oil. Strings of beads encircle the women's necks, but typical ornaments are the arm bands Most of the women have their ears pierced, but in the valley towns only a small proportion wear earrings. In the mountain sections heavy ornaments of gold or copper are worn, the weight often drawing the lobe of the ear far down on the neck. When at work, the woman discards all clothing from the upper portion of her body, but at other times wears a short-sleeved jacket which reaches to her waist. A narrow skirt (dingwa), with colored border, extends from the waist to the knees. It is held in place by drawing it tightly and then tucking one corner under the upper edge, or by pressing it beneath the girdle. girdle (palingtan): used by a Tingguian girl when she becomes a woman a braided grass or rattan which fits over the hips, and to which a clout is attached. As a rule, the girdle and clout are not removed when bathing, as are the other garments. The teeth of both sexes are blackened with iron salts and tan bark, but they are not cut or mutilated, as is common with many Philippine peoples. īming: a bamboo device used to pluck facial and body hairs consists of a section of bamboo split into several strips at one end. A hair is placed in one end of the slits, and the bamboo is bent into a half circle, causing it to take a firm hold, when it is jerked outwards. paliget: prized necklace made of small strands of twisted silver wire placed on the neck of a corpse, and on some occasions are worn by the living. Musika’t Sayaw DANCES Da-eng: the ceremonial dance, takes place at night, and is carried on to the accompaniment of a song. the steps of the dance, at first slow, becomes faster and faster till the dancers have reached the limit of their vocal and physical powers. sacred in character however, it sometimes happens, when the basi has been flowing freely, that the participants become so boisterous and the pace so fast that spectators are run down or the dancers are piled in a heap, from which they emerge laughing and shouting Tadek: the common dance, is a part of nearly all gatherings of a social and religious nature. The music for this dance usually is made with three gansas and a drum. The gansas are pressed against the thighs of the players who kneel on the ground. Two of the coppers are beaten with a stick and the palm of the hand, while the third is played by the hands alone BURIAL RITES Akosan: A prized shell, with top and bottom cut off, is slipped over a belt-like cloth. Above it are a series of wooden rings and a wooden imitation of the shell. This, when hung beside the dead, is both pleasing to the spirit of the deceased, and a protection to the corpse against evil beings. MARRIAGE traditionally called a "Boda“ Dowry is an inevitable feature, and weddings are often characterized by lengthy** and prolonged celebrations. **The longer the more prestigious. Cows, carabaos, goats, dogs, deer, wild boar, and chickens are slaughtered for feasting of the entire populace. Basi, local wine made from sugar cane, is also given for special occasions. RELIGION Revolves around beliefs pertaining to creations and superstitions centering on anito Anito: an omnipotent being which exercises absolute control over human kind. Bagatulalyan: regarded by Tingguians as their supreme god who has: absolute control over the behavior of his subjects and power to punish anyone who disregards his laws and commands. Kadaklan: second to Bagatulalyan who enforces decrees of Bagatulalyan Kabonian: third-ranked Tinnguian deity, who is the benevolent one. GREAT CEREMONIES: can only be given by those who have the hereditary right, or who have gained the privilege by a certain definite procedure In general these ceremonies are restricted to the villages in or close to the valley of the Abra, the lower reaches of the Tineg, Malanas, and Sinalong rivers.