Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1984 The ecology of Nomuraea rileyi (Fungi: Deuteromycotina) and other natural enemies of the green cloverworm in Iowa agroecosystems Harlan Gene Thorvilson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Thorvilson, Harlan Gene, "The ce ology of Nomuraea rileyi (Fungi: Deuteromycotina) and other natural enemies of the green cloverworm in Iowa agroecosystems " (1984). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7735. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7735 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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These prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases the best available copy has been filmed. Uni International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8423681 Thorvilson, Harlan Gene THE ECOLOGY OF NOMURAEA RILEYI (FUNGHDEUTEROMYCOTINA) AND OTHER NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE GREEN CLOVERWORM IN IOWA AGROECOSYSTEMS Iowa State University PH.D. 1984 University Microfilms Internâtionsi 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. 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For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1984 i i TABLE OF CONTENTS page GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 6 The Green Cloverworm 6 Biology 6 Distribution and pest status 6 Overwintering potential in Iowa 6 Life table studies 7 GCW population dynamics in Iowa 8 Paratisoids and predators of the green cloverworm 9 Rankings of parasitoid abundance 9 Parasitism pattern and seasonal abundance 11 Activity in various agroecosystems 12 Predators 13 The Entomopathogenic Fungus Nomuraea riieyi (Farlow) Samson 14 Taxonomic status and distribution of Nomuraea riieyi 14 Biology 15 Susceptible insect species 15 Relative susceptibility of hosts 15 Virulence of N. riieyi isolates 20 Larval age susceptibility 21 Inoculation techniques 21 Cellular responses to N. riieyi invasion 24 Histopathology 25 Effects of entomopathogens on "nontarget" organisms 26 Parasitoids and predators 26 Other entomopathogens 28 Warm-blooded animals 29 Nomuraea riieyi epizootiology 30 Natural epizootics 30 Historical reports 30 Seasonal occurrence 31 Inoculum reservoir 31 Host density 32 Environmental factors 34 Impact of pesticides on N. riieyi 35 The epizootic cycle 37 Models of fungal epizootics 38 Induced epizootics 38 iii Tillage Practices and Sobyean Insects 40 Reduced tillage in Iowa 40 Effects of agronomic practices on pest Lepidoptera populations 40 Relation of agronomic practices to biotic mortality agents 41 Predators and parasitoids 42 Entomopathogens 42 Optimizing natural mortality of soybean Lepidoptera 44 PART I. GREEN CLOVERWORM POPULATIONS AND THE INCIDENCES 45 OF BIOTIC AGENTS OF NATURAL MORTALITY IN FOUR SOYBEAN TILLAGE SYSTEMS - A COMPARISON INTRODUCTION 46 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 48 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 50 1981 50 1982 54 PART II. SOYBEAN LEAF CONSUMPTION BY NOMURAEA RILEYI- 70 INFECTED GREEN CLOVERWORM LARVAE INTRODUCTION 71 MATERIALS AND METHODS 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 75 Consumption Through Time 75 Consumption by Subsequent Larval Stages 77 Mean Total Consumption by Treated Larvae 80 Treatment Effects on Stadia! Length 82 Survivorship of w. riieyi-Inoculated Larvae 84 Instar Susceptibility to w. rileyi 86 IV PART III. THE OVERWINTERING POTENTIAL OF N. RILEYI 90 IN CENTRAL IOWA INTRODUCTION 91 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 94 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 97 Fungal Viability of N. riieyi-killed Cadavers 97 Infectivity of Exposed Conidia 99 PART IV. GREEN CLOVERWORM, ITS PARASITOIDS, PREDATORS, 101 AND N. RILEYI INCIDENCES IN CENTRAL IOWA ALFALFA AND SOYBEANS — A COMPARISON INTRODUCTION 102 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 105 1981 Alfalfa 105 1982 Alfalfa 105 1981 Soybeans 106 1982 Soybeans 106 Laboratory Procedure 107 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 108 Nomuraea rileyi 108 1981 108 1982 111 Predators 113 Parasitoids 115 PART V. NOMURAEA RILEYI AND THE POPULATION DYNAMICS 121 OF GREEN CLOVERWORM IN IOWA SOYBEANS INTRODUCTION 122 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 124 V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 125 GCW Population Types, 1971 to 1980 125 Occurrence of N. riieyi 129 Host-Density Relationship with N. riieyi 130 The Relationship Between the Size of the First GCW 134 Generation and the Second GCW Generation Mortality Rate Caused by N. riieyi Percentage N. riieyi-caused Mortality in Each GCW Generation 136 Noimraea riieyi Disease Progression after First Incidence 139 The Effect of Precipitation on N. riieyi Incidence 143 Analysis of Population Parameters Between Seasons 144 Contributions to the Hypothesis of GCW Population Dynamics 145 in Iowa Soybeans PART VI. THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OF N. RILEYI IN 147 PLATHYPENA SCABRA LARVAE INTRODUCTION 148 METHODS AND PROCEDURES 149 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 151 OVERALL CONCLUSION 160 LITERATURE CITED 162 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 174 VI LIST OF TABLES page Table 1. Rankings of most abundant parasitoids reared 10 from GCW Table 2. Insects susceptible to Nomuraea riieyi (Farlow) 16 Samson infection PART I. Table 1. Fates of GCW larvae collected from Nashua tillage 52 plots, 1981 Table 2. Fates of GCW larvae collected from Nashua tillage 60 plots, 1982 PART II. Table 1. Mean survivorship in number of days for each instar 87 group after inoculation PART III. Table 1. Impact of environmental exposure on viability of 98 N. riieyi (in screen envelopes) Table 2. Pathogenicity of conidia produced by mycelium in 98 cadavers exposed to various environments (in screen envelopes) Table 3. Pathogenicity of conidia after exposure to various 100 environments (in plugged vials) PART V. Table 1; Comparison of Julian dates and numbers of larvae at 127 generation peaks and at first N. riieyi incidence in outbreak and endemic GCW years Table 2. Percentage mortality caused by w. riieyi 137 vii LIST OF FIGURES page PART I. Figure 1. Mean number of GCW larvae collected from each 51 soybean tillage system. Nashua, Iowa, 1981 Figure 2. Mortality of GCW larvae caused by Nomuraea riieyi. 53 Nashua, Iowa, 1981 Figure 3. Mortality of GCW larvae caused by Rogas noiophanae. 55 Nashua, Iowa, 1981 Figure 4. Mean number of GCW larvae collected from each 56 soybean tillage system. Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 5. Total number of GCW moths flushed from soybean 58 tillage systems. Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 6. Mortality of GCW larvae caused by Nomuraea rxieyi. 61 Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 7. Parasitization of GCW larvae by Rogas noiophanae. 63 Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 8. Number of Nabis spp. nymphs and adults in each 66 soybean tillage system. Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 9. Numbers of spiders in each soybean tillage system. 67 Nashua, Iowa, 1982 Figure 10. Number of orius insidiosus in each soybean tillage 68 system. Nashua, Iowa, 1982 PART II.