
Table of Contents Chapter 1: Principle of Operating System.................................................................................................5 Operating System Introduction:...........................................................................................................5 Two views of the Operating System: ....................................................................................................6 Operating System as an Extended Machine or Virtual Machine(or As a User/computer interface) 6 Operating System as a Resource Manager.......................................................................................6 computer System organization:.............................................................................................................8 Files:......................................................................................................................................................8 System Call:..........................................................................................................................................9 Shell:....................................................................................................................................................10 Kernel:.................................................................................................................................................10 Operating System Structure:................................................................................................................11 Monolithic System..........................................................................................................................11 Layered Operating System ............................................................................................................12 Virtual Machines:............................................................................................................................14 Client-Server or Microkernel .........................................................................................................14 Function of Operating system:............................................................................................................15 Evolution of Operating System:..........................................................................................................15 Serial Processing:............................................................................................................................16 Simple Batch Processing:...............................................................................................................16 Multiprogrammed Batch System:...................................................................................................17 Multitasking or Time Sharing System:...........................................................................................18 Distributed System:.............................................................................................................................19 Distributed Operating System:............................................................................................................20 Real Time Operating System:..............................................................................................................21 Chapter-2 Processes and Threads............................................................................................................22 Introduction to process:.......................................................................................................................22 The process Model..............................................................................................................................23 Process Creation:............................................................................................................................23 Process Control Block:...................................................................................................................25 Process Termination:.......................................................................................................................26 Process States:................................................................................................................................26 Implementation of Process:.................................................................................................................27 Context Switching:..............................................................................................................................28 Threads:...............................................................................................................................................28 Multithreading:...............................................................................................................................28 Benefits of Multi-threading:...........................................................................................................29 Process VS Thread:.........................................................................................................................30 Multi-Threading Model:......................................................................................................................31 Interprocess Communication:..............................................................................................................32 Shared Memory:.............................................................................................................................33 Message Passing:............................................................................................................................34 Race Condition:...................................................................................................................................34 Avoiding Race Conditions:.............................................................................................................36 Techniques for avoiding Race Condition:...........................................................................................37 Page:1 Compiled by: daya 1.Disabling Interrupts:....................................................................................................................37 2.Lock Variables.............................................................................................................................38 3.Strict Alteration:..........................................................................................................................38 4.Peterson's Solution:......................................................................................................................39 5. The TSL Instruction....................................................................................................................40 Problems with mutual Exclusion:...................................................................................................40 Priority Inversion Problem:............................................................................................................41 Sleep and Wakeup:..........................................................................................................................41 Examples to use Sleep and Wakeup primitives:..................................................................................41 Semaphore:..........................................................................................................................................43 Monitors:.............................................................................................................................................46 Message Passing:.................................................................................................................................47 Classical IPC Problems.......................................................................................................................48 Readers Writer problems:....................................................................................................................50 Sleeping Barber Problem.....................................................................................................................51 Deadlock:.............................................................................................................................................52 Resources.............................................................................................................................................52 What is Deadlock?...............................................................................................................................53 Starvation vs. Deadlock.......................................................................................................................54 Conditions for Deadlock:....................................................................................................................54 Deadlock Modeling:............................................................................................................................54 Methods for Handling Deadlock:........................................................................................................56 Deadlock Prevention ......................................................................................................................56 Deadlock Avoidance:...........................................................................................................................57
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