Antiquity 2 SAMPLE YEAR 12 TONI HURLEY | CHRISTINE MURRAY FOURTH EDITION Antiquity 2 YEAR 12 SAMPLEFOURTH EDITION TONI HURLEY | CHRISTINE MURRAY | PHILIPPA MEDCALF | JAN ROLPH 00_HUR_A2_4E_02986_PRE_SI.indd 1 24/8/18 11:30 am 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries. Published in Australia by Oxford University Press Level 8, 737 Bourke Street, Docklands, Victoria 3008, Australia. © Toni Hurley, Christine Murray, Philippa Medcalf, Jan Rolph 2019 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First published 2019 Fourth Edition All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence, or under terms agreed with the reprographics rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. ISBN 9780190302986 Reproduction and communication for educational purposes The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10% of the pages of this work, whichever is the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street Sydney NSW 2000 Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 Email: [email protected] Edited by Ingrid De Baets Typeset by Newgen KnowledgeWorks Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, India Proofread by Natasha Broadstock Indexed by Neil Daly SAMPLE Printed and bound in Australia by Ligare Book Printers, Pty Ltd If links to third party websites are referenced in the work, then include the following disclaimer: Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work. 00_HUR_A2_4E_02986_PRE_SI.indd 2 24/8/18 11:30 am Using Antiquity .....................................................vi Contents Part A Core study: Cities of Vesuvius – Pompeii and Herculaneum Chapter 1 Core study: 1.10 Everyday life: Clothing, health and water supply .......................................... 39 Cities of Vesuvius – Pompeii 1.11 Leisure activities ........................................... 44 and Herculaneum ...............................................4 1.12 Religion ......................................................... 48 1.1 Survey of Pompeii and Herculaneum ........... 6 1.13 Foreign cults and religions .......................... 51 1.2 The eruption of AD 79 and its impact ........ 10 1.14 In uence of Greek and 1.3 Early discoveries and the changing Egyptian cultures .......................................... 54 nature of excavations in the 1.15 Reconstructing and 19th and 20th centuries ............................... 15 conserving the past ...................................... 56 1.4 Investigating and interpreting the sources 1.16 Issues of conservation for Pompeii and Herculaneum .................... 17 and reconstruction ....................................... 59 1.5 The economy ................................................ 20 1.17 Ethical issues ................................................. 64 1.6 Social structure ............................................. 24 1.18 Value and impact of tourism: 1.7 Local political life .......................................... 27 Problems and solutions ............................... 68 1.8 Everyday life: Housing ................................. 30 Chapter conclusion ....................................71 1.9 Everyday life: Food and dining ................... 36 Part B Ancient societies Chapter 2 New Kingdom Egypt Chapter 3 Bronze Age – society to the death of Amenhotep III Minoan Crete ....................................... 75 (obook-only chapter) ............................ 74 3.1 Historical context ......................................... 76 2.1 Historical context 3.2 Signi cant Minoan sites ............................... 80 2.2 Social structure and political organisation 3.3 Social structure ............................................. 82 2.3 Nature and role of the army 3.4 The Minoan people ...................................... 86 2.4 Roles and status of women and workers 3.5 The economy ................................................ 89 2.5 The economy 3.6 Trade and economic exchange ................... 92 2.6 Religion SAMPLE3.7 Religion ......................................................... 97 2.7 Festivals 3.8 Religious symbols ....................................... 101 2.8 New Kingdom temples: 3.9 Religious places .......................................... 104 Architecture and function 3.10 Religious rituals .......................................... 107 2.9 Funerary customs 3.11 Funerary customs and rituals .................... 110 2.10 Cultural life 3.12 Myths and legends relating 2.11 Writing and literature to the Minoans ........................................... 112 2.12 Everyday life 3.13 Minoan art ................................................... 113 Chapter conclusion 3.14 Architecture of palace complexes ............ 118 3.15 Minoan writing ............................................ 120 3.16 Leisure activities ......................................... 122 3.17 Health as revealed by human remains ..... 124 Chapter conclusion .................................... 126 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS iii 00_HUR_A2_4E_02986_PRE_SI.indd 3 24/8/18 11:30 am Chapter 4 Spartan society to 4.7 Spartan women ................................................149 the Battle of Leuctra 371 BC ...................127 4.8 The economy ....................................................154 4.9 Technology .......................................................156 4.1 Historical context .............................................128 4.10 Religion .............................................................158 4.2 The issue of Lycurgus .......................................132 4.11 Culture: Art and architecture ...........................163 4.3 Spartan social structure ...................................134 4.12 Culture: Writing and literature ........................166 4.4 Government ......................................................138 4.13 Everyday life ......................................................169 4.5 The Spartan army .............................................143 Chapter conclusion ..........................................171 4.6 Control of the helots ........................................147 Part C Personalities in their times Chapter 5 Egypt – Hatshepsut ...............174 6.10 Foreign policy ...................................................255 6.11 The role of Nefertiti ..........................................259 5.1 Historical context .............................................176 6.12 Evaluation .........................................................264 5.2 Political and religious roles of the king and queen......................................179 6.13 Images and interpretations of Akhenaten ....................................................268 5.3 Hatshepsut’s family background .....................182 Chapter conclusion ..........................................270 5.4 Hatshepsut’s claim to the throne ....................184 5.5 The legality of Hatshepsut’s accession ...........................................................189 Chapter 7 The Near East – Xerxes .........271 5.6 Changes to Hatshepsut’s titles ........................191 7.1 Historical context .............................................272 5.7 Religious policy ................................................195 7.2 Persian military structures ................................276 5.8 Building program .............................................200 7.3 Persian Empire: expansion, religion and kingship .......................................278 5.9 Other building projects ...................................204 7.4 Background and rise to prominence ..............282 5.10 Foreign policy ...................................................207 7.5 Succession to kingship.....................................284 5.11 Relationship with Amun priesthood and other ofcials .............................................210 7.6 Administration of the Persian Empire .............286 5.12 Relationship with Thutmose III ........................213 7.7 Religious policy ................................................290 5.13 Evaluation .........................................................215 7.8 Building program: Persepolis ..........................292 5.14 Ancient images and 7.9 Images and representations interpretations of Hatshepsut .........................217 of Xerxes as king ..............................................296 Chapter conclusion ..........................................220 7.10 Xerxes’ role