November 2001 • NREL/TP-510-31319 Bibliography of Work on the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Removal of Hazardous Compounds from Water and Air Update Number 4 to October 2001 Daniel M. Blake National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 November 2001 • NREL/TP-510-31319 Bibliography of Work on the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Removal of Hazardous Compounds from Water and Air Update Number 4 to October 2001 Daniel M. Blake Prepared under Task No. 5120.5000 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle • Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. Available electronically at http://www.osti.gov/bridge Available for a processing fee to U.S. Department of Energy and its contractors, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0062 phone: 865.576.8401 fax: 865.576.5728 email: [email protected] Available for sale to the public, in paper, from: U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 phone: 800.553.6847 fax: 703.605.6900 email: [email protected] online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste Summary This report is the fifth in a series of bibliographies of work on the photocatalytic oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds in air or water and on the photocatalytic reduction of inorganic compounds in water that were published in May 1994, October 1995, January 1997, and January 1999. The previous reports included 663, 574, 518, and 1517 citations, respectively. This update contains information extracted from 1149 new references to papers, books, and reports from searches done between October 1996 and April 2001. There are an additional 325 references to literature from a search that covered the period April to October 2001. These are not cited in the body of the report. There are also 1555 new patents referenced to October 2001. The new citations include some references from prior years that were not included in the previous reports. The general focus of the work is removing hazardous chemical or biological contaminants from air, water, and surfaces. This report also references work on properties of semiconductor photocatalysts and the application of photocatalytic chemistry in organic synthesis. The organization is the same as in the previous reports in this series. Patents are again included as a separate list because of the large number that are being published. The first part of the report gives citations for work done in a few broad categories that are generic to the process. Three tables provide references to work on specific substances. The first covers organic compounds that are included in various lists of hazardous substances identified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The second lists compounds not included in that table, but that have been treated in a photocatalytic process. The third covers inorganic compounds that have been treated by a photocatalytic process. i Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 1 2.0 Generic Information ............................................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Reviews and Articles ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Photocatalysts .................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2.1 Modified Titanium Dioxide ................................................................................................... 4 2.2.2 Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic Surface Treatment ........................................................................ 4 2.2.3 Dye Sensitized Titanium Dioxide ..........................................................................................4 2.2.4 Metal Ion Doping of Titanium Dioxide or Mixed Oxides...................................................... 5 2.2.5 Metallized Titanium Dioxide ................................................................................................. 5 2.2.6 Other Semiconductors............................................................................................................ 5 2.2.7 Immobilized Photocatalysts.................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide and Other Oxidants .......................................................................................... 6 2.4 Engineering Issues........................................................................................................................... 6 2.4.1 Reactor and System Design.................................................................................................... 6 2.4.2 Systems Analysis.................................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Miscellaneous Topics ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.6 Patents ............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.7. Companies Active in the Field........................................................................................................ 8 3.0 Compounds Studied ............................................................................................................................... 9 4.0 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................... 39 5.0 Bibliography......................................................................................................................................... 40 5.1 Published Material......................................................................................................................... 40 5.1.1 Work cited in this report....................................................................................................... 40 5.1.2 Additional references from a search conducted in October 2001....................................... 118 5.2 Patents ......................................................................................................................................... 140 5.3 Address for Sending Corrections or Additions to the Bibliography............................................. 253 6.0 Distribution List ................................................................................................................................. 254 ii 1.0 Introduction This update in combination with the previous reports1,2,3,4 provides a comprehensive bibliography of the published work on photocatalytic chemistry and processes available in the open literature. It will be of most use to scientists and engineers interested in using heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation or reduction processes in environmental remediation, process emission control, indoor air quality, or other applications in which oxidation or reduction chemistry on illuminated semiconductor surfaces can occur. A few citations are included for work on photoelectrochemical systems for water splitting or electricity production but these are major areas of research in their own right and are not included in the literature survey. Because of the large number of documents, no attempt has been made to critically assess the information in the cited literature. The combined reports include more than 6200 citations to work published between 1970 and the middle of 2001. The literature cited includes U.S. and foreign patents. Information was compiled by manually scanning the literature and by searching commercial databases. This update includes some citations to work done before 1999 that were not included in the previous reports. Some citations have doubtless been missed, and topics covered in some papers may not have been identified and covered in every appropriate category. The author is grateful to the many people who sent references and reprints of their