HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 26 Number 1 People and Environment: Conservation and Management of Natural Article 6 Resources across the Himalaya No. 1 & 2 2006 Conserving the King: Inverting the Origin Story of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project of Nepal Kenneth D. Croes Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Croes, Kenneth D.. 2006. Conserving the King: Inverting the Origin Story of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project of Nepal. HIMALAYA 26(1). Available at: https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol26/iss1/6 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons@Macalester College at DigitalCommons@Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Macalester College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CONSERVING THE KING: INVERTING THE ORIGIN STORY OF THE ANNAPURNA CONSERVATION AREA PROJECT OF NEPAL In early ]985, King Birendra traveled to the Annapurna region, Nepal's most popular trekking destination, to declare the need to protect the area.'s environment.. Birendra's declaration would result a year later in the establishment or the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP). The management or ACAP would rail to the King Mahendra Trust ror Nature Conservation, a non- governmental organization named after the king's rather and headed by his bother Gyanelldra. This paper argues that the royal family's conspicuous association wilh ACAP was an attempt to renew a nagging monarchical legitimacy. A generation earlier, Birendra's father, King Mahendra, had staked the legitimacy of Nepalese monarchy on the delivery of development to lhe people. By lhe mid- 1980s, wilh Mahendra's development vision largely unrealized, and with a series of palace scandals rurther undermining the idea of monarchical beneficence, the royal family sought to pOSition itself within the emergent discourse of environmental conservation in the epalese Himalaya. 1985 His Majesty King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev The establishment of Nepal's largest protected visited the Annapurna region and issued a directive area, the Annapurna Conservation Area Project to improve and manage tourism development . (ACAP), begins with what can be approached as a while safeguarding the environment and natural kind of origin story. We usually associate the idea heritage of the region" (Bunting et al. 199U65). of origin story with mythos, or the belief system of a According to ACAP's origin story, the project's cultural group. Applying it as an analytical concept association with the royal family is a boon to the to the realm of conservation and development, project, something without which ACAP would however, is a way to make strange what would not even have been possible, let alone successful. otherwise pass as commonplace. The origin story of Indeed, ACAP has been an enormous undertaking ACAP is something that one can encounter in many by any measure: at 7,629 square kilometers, or 5% social locations, including United Nations websites, of Nepal's territory, the Annapurna Conservation Nepali school textbooks, international press Area is the largest protected area in Nepal; it is reports, academic publications on conservation, home to some 130,000 residents; and it is staffed by and tourist guidebooks. ACAP's field staff mention more than 200 profeSSionals trained in fields such it when instructing the visiting staff of other non- as civil engineering, forestry, conservation biology, governmental organizations (NGOs), who come to business management/tourism, anthropology, and ACAP for professional training on how to emulate sociology. Many observers believe ACAP would not ACAP's widely acknowledged success. Foreign have succeeded had a Nepali government agency, or trekkers, too, learn about ACAP's origin story while worse a private NGO other than the King Mahendra watching English-language videos aboutACAP shown Trust, attempted to undertake it. "ACAP was born twice daily at ACAP offices. What everyone learns in with a silver spoon in its mouth," an Indian national these different social locations is that ACAP owes its working in Nepal in the field of conservation told origin to the initiative and beneficence of Nepal's late me, summing up ACAP's manifest success. In King Birendra. An article in an anthology devoted to a different register, but echoing the point, the conservation policy puts it this way: "In the spring of article from the conservation policy anthology quoted above writes: "Despite increasing interest in private nation was full of promise. Broadcasting over Radio Nepal in approaches to conservation, no such institution [as the King November 1952, Tribhuvan's heir, Crown Prince Mahendra, Mahendra Trust] has previously undertaken responsibility could speak of development as something that could be for an area of such global importance as Annapurna. The achieved in short order: King Mahendra Trust, with its close ties to Nepal's political [T]he development of the country is a great must. The paucity power structure (HRH Prince Gyanendra is the Chairman) of resources for the development is but natural in an underde- and its organizational flexibility, is well qualified for the task" veloped country like ours. But our man-power is tremendous. (Bunting et al. 1991:165). If we would take a united vow to engage ourselves in such ac- Repeated and recited in manifold contexts, ACAP's origin tivities as road-building and canal-digging it should not take story stands in for what was actually a complex process long to initiate revolutionary changes in our country (Mahen- through which ACAP was established. The objective of dra 1966:7). this paper is to supply some of the complexity missing from The democratic parties, King Tribhuvan, and Crown Prince ACAP's largely taken-for-granted story. ACAP's origin story Mahendra were agreed, at least initially, that multiparty, maintains that the initiative and continuing patronage of the parliamentary democracy would be the proper antidote to royal family accounts for ACAP's success. In this paper, I the tyranny of the past and the only truly effective vehicle wish to invert this association by asking: How has ACAP's for developing the country. All were agreed that within two success benefited the royal family? More fundamentally, why years, Nepal would adopt a new constitution and that in the would the royal family have a high-profile association with new political order the monarchy would reign but not rule. a conservation project at all? I will argue that associating with environmental conservation gave the Nepali royal DEVELOPMENT DEFINED family opportunities to renew the king's role in national Consensus, to the extent it existed between the parties development. A generation earlier, King Birendra's father, and the king in the early post-Rana years, quickly gave way Mahendra, had worked to define monarchy, not multiparty to competition over state power. It was in this context that democracy, as the more appropriate Nepali institution for Mahendra, who ascended the throne in 1955, began to define guiding Nepal into an uncharted modernity. Mahendra his monarchy using the rhetoric of development. In the 1950s, promoted monarchy as the link between Nepal's traditional Mahendra was certainly aware of the emerging international past and its modern future, and as the beneficent intermediary importance of development. In 1949, U.S. President Harry between local desires for development and international ideas Truman, in his inaugural address, had laid out a grand plan and funding. King Mahendra himself would become Nepal's for the development of the world's "underdeveloped" peoples "father of development." In defining monarchy in these ways, (Truman 1964 [1949]). At the same time, the international Mahendra staked the legitimacy of post-Rana monarchy community was establishing the institutions for international on the celebrated vehicle of development. As the disparity aid in the form of United Nations agencies, the World Bank, between development promises and results widened in the and the International Monetary F.und. Development in 1970s and I980s, monarchical legitimacy was undermined. A this era was fast replacing colonialism as the economic and series of scandals associated with members of the royal family political framework in which rich and poor countries would weakened monarchical legitimacy still further. It was in this interact. context of flagging monarchical legitimacy, I argue, that the Mindful of these trends, King Mahendra made several royal family took up the cause of environmental conservation international trips in the late 1950s-to India, England, the and ACAP in particular. United States, and Japan, and other countries-positioning himself asan intermediary between Nepaland the international community in the cause of national development. Upon To understand why King Mahendra staked the legitimacy returning from his first such trip, to India, in December 1955, of monarchy on development, it is important to recall the Mahendra stated in a speech that during his six-week tour he political context following the overthrow of the Rana regime had "studied attentively the industrial centres, dams, canals, in 1951. In the immediate post-Rana period, the king and the cottage industries, and village development