American Journal of International Law January 2001 Vol 95 No. 1 Published by The American Society of International Law International Documents and Analysis A Major New Series in International Relations General Editor: Marc Weller, Centre of International Studies, University of Cambridge This Series presents the key materials necessary for an understanding of significant episodes or issues in international relations. The documents are carefully selected and accompanied by original and critical expert analysis. Each volume opens with a chronology of events and a general introduction highlighting the major issues raised by the materials. The developments covered in each chapter are also subjected to substantive analysis, identifying the actors involved, the relevance and impact of their actions, and placing the individual documents in context. Volume 1: The Crisis in Kosovo 1989-1999: From the Dissolution of Yugoslavia to Rambouillet and the Outbreak of Hostilities. History of the region and perspectives of the parties, constitutional developments 1989-1999, early attempts to address the crisis, first round of hostilities, displacement of 1998, OSCE Verification Mission, the Hill negotiation process and the Rambouillet conference, commencement of NATO armed action. 504 pp. soft cover, £ 29,90/$49 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 00 4. Volume 2: The Kosovo Conflict: Conduct and Termination of Hostilities and the Renewed Search for a Settlement. Ethnic cleansing, NATO armed action, humanitarian efforts, Security Council action, International Court of Justice pleadings and its interim ruling, war crimes indictment, peace initiatives, establishment of a security presence, refugee return, international civil administration. 504 pp, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 01 2. The following additional titles have been commissioned: Volume 3: Coercive Disarmament: Iraq, UNSCOM and the Volume 8: Regulating Statehood: Innovative Attempts to Use of Force. Iraq's reduced sovereignty, the UNSCOM and Solve Self-determination Conflicts. 504 pages, soft cover, IAEA regime, US and UK air-strikes, 504 pp, soft cover, £39.90/$65 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 07 1. £29.90/$49 plus p & p, ISBN 1-903033 02 0. Volume 9: Anatomy of Genocide: The Case of Bosnia and Volume 4: Armed Samaritans: Humanitarian Intervention Herzegovina. 504 pages, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p, Cases. An analysis of some 15 instances of humanitarian ISBN 1 903033 08 X. intervention with key documents. 504 pages, soft cover, Volume 10: The New European Security Architecture. 504 £39.90/$65 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 03 9, Jan 2000. pages, soft cover, £39.90/$65 plus p & p 1, Volume 5: No Place to Hide: New Developments in the ISBN I 903033 09 8. Exercise of International Criminal Justice. International Volume 11: Rwanda, Genocide and the Crisis in the Great Criminal Court, draft code on international crimes, Yugoslav Lakes Region. 504 pages, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p and Rwanda Tribunals and their Practice, the Pinochet and Volume 12 New Security Structures for Africa. 504 pages, other cases, national legislation. 504 pages, soft cover, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p £29.90/$49 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 04 7, December 1999. Volume 14: Resolving the Palestine Question. 352 pages, Volume 6: Of Angels and Warlords: International Peace- soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p 1 enforcement in Somalia,.504 pages, soft cover, £39.90/$65 Volume 15: The Kashmir Conflict in the Nuclear Age. 352 plus p & p 1 903033 05 5. pages, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p Volume 7: The Genie and the Bottle: International Attempts Volume 16: Fostering Good Governance: The Emerging to Regulate Biotechnology. 504 pages, soft cover, Internationa] Democratic Standard. 352 pages, soft cover, £29.90/$49 plus p & p, ISBN 1 903033 06-3. £29.90/$49 plus p & p Order the Series and Save Money: A subscription to the series, consisting of a minimum of 1.500 pages in up to five volumes per year, is available at £125/$195 plus postage and packing. The series will also be available in due course by way of an internet subscription, at a substantially reduced rate for those subscribing to the hard copy edition. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL LAW VOL. 95 January 2001 NO. 1 CONTENTS PAGE Symposium: State Reconstruction After Civil Conflict Edited by Ruth Wedgwood and Harold K. Jacobson Ending the fighting in Bosnia, Kosovo, Rwanda, and East Timor has not solved the problem of social reconstruction. This multidisciplinary symposium asks how the international community can contribute to the process of recon­ ciliation after civil conflict—by restoring courts and accountability, addressing the memory of violence and atrocity, and opening economies to investment- based growth. Foreword Ruth Wedgwood and Harold K. Jacobson 1 Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? Payam Akhavan 7 Individual Accountability in South Africa: Cultural Optimum or Political Facade? Lorna McGregor 32 Collapse and Reconstruction of a Judicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor Hansjbrg Strohmeyer 46 Courts and Democracy in Postconflict Transitions: A Social Scientist's Perspective on the African Case Jennifer Widner 64 United Nations Governance of Postconflict Societies Michael J. Matheson 76 The Contribution of Democracy to Rebuilding Postconflict Societies Samuel H. Barnes 86 Peace Building: The Private Sector's Role Allan Gerson 102 Editorial Comments International Criminal Law and the Role of Domestic Courts Jonathan I. Charney 120 The United States and the Statute of Rome Monroe Leigh 124 Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law Edited by Sean D. Murphy Treaty Obligations as Evidence of Federal Preemption 132 U. S. Judgments Against Terrorist States 134 World War II Era Claims Against Japanese Companies 139 Award of Damages Against Bosnian Serb Leader Radovan Karadzic 144 District Court Rejection of Burmese Claims Against Unocal Corporation 145 U.S. Enacts Law on Normalizing Trade Relations with China 146 WTO Decision Striking Down U. S. Revenue Act of 1916 148 U.S. Sanctions Against Japan for Whaling 150 Conservation of Fish in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean 153 U. S. Funding to Combat ADDS 155 U. S. -EU "Safe Harbor " Data Privacy Arrangement 156 Middle East Peace Process: Violent Clashes 160 International Decisions Edited by Bernard H. Oxman Southern Bluefin Tuna (Barbara Kwiatkowska) 252 Arbitral award on compulsory jurisdiction under Law of the Sea Convention where dispute also arises under regional agreement that requires specific con­ sent to arbitrate Castillo Petruzzi (Jeanine Bucherer) 171 Inter-American Court of Human Rights judgment on pre-trial detention, trial of civilians by military tribunals, and rights to counsel, public trial, inde­ pendent tribunal, and judicial review in time of emergency Ivcher Bronstein & Constitutional Tribunal (Karen C. Sokol) 178 Inter-American Court of Human Rights judgment on right of a state to with­ draw its acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction Waste Management, Inc. v. Mexico (William S. Dodge) 186 Arbitral award on jurisdiction under NAFTA where requisite waiver of other remedies reserves, and applicant pursues, municipal law claims in other fora Local Authority ofVdsteras v. Republic of Iceland (Said Mahmoudi) 192 Swedish Supreme Court decision on sovereign immunity in contract action for costs of educating foreign nationals in public schools Prefecture ofVoiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany (Maria Gavouneli & Ilias Bantekas) 198 Greek Supreme Court decision on sovereign immunity in action for injuries caused by humanitarian law violations during military occupation Gonzalez ex rel. Gonzalez v. Reno (David Abraham) 204 Eleventh Circuit review of attorney general's refusal to accept asylum appli­ cation to prevent child's return to his father in Cuba Current Developments The Fifty-sixth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights Michael J. Dennis 213 The Fifty-second Session of the International Law Commission Robert Rosenstock 221 Book Reviews and Notes Edited by Richard B. Bilder Review Essay: Baehr, Peter R. Human Rights: Universality in Practice; Weston, Burns H., and Stephen P. Marks (eds.). The Future of International Human Rights; Evans, Tony (ed.). Human Rights Fifty Years On: A Reappraisal; Risse, Thomas, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.). The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (David P. Stewart) 227 Review Essay: Butler, Richard. The Greatest Threat: Iraq, Weapons of Mass Destruc­ tion, and the Crisis of Global Security (David Malone) 235 Tuck, Richard. The Rights of War and Peace (David J. Bederman) 245 Watson, Geoffrey R. The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Agreements (Robbie Sabel) 248 Grant, Thomas D. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolu­ tion (Valerie Epps) 252 Watson, J. Shand. Theory and Reality in the International Protection of Human Rights (Makau Mutua) 255 Shelton, Dinah. Remedies in International Human Rights Law (Beth Stephens) 257 Cohen, Cynthia Price (ed.). HumanRights of Indigenous Peoples (Asbj0rn Eide) 260 Juda, Lawrence. International Law and Ocean Use Management (Myron H. Nordquist) 265 Briefer Notice: Schwartz, Herman. The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post- Communist Europe (Eric Stein), 267. Collected Essays: German Yearbook of International Law 1999 (Vol. 42), 268; Chinese Yearbook of International Law and Affairs 1997-1998 (Vol. 16), 269. Books Received 269 International Legal Materials. Contents, Vol. XXXIX, No. 6 (November 2000); Vol. XL, No. 1 (January 2001) 274 BOARD OF EDITORS Editors in Chief JONATHAN I. CHARNEY W. MICHAEL REISMAN Vanderbilt University School of Law Yale Law School JOSE E. ALVAREZ BENEDICT KINGSBURY Columbia University School of Law New York University School of Law DAVID J. BEDERMAN FREDERIC L. KIRGIS Emory University School of Law Washington and Lee University CHARLES N. BROWER School of Law Washington, D.C. HAROLD HONGJU KOH THOMAS BUERGENTHAL Yale Law School The George Washington University MICHAEL J. MATHESON Law School Washington, D.C.