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Posarac at all, Organization and Delivery of Child Protection Services in Russia (with two case studies: the Leningrad Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan), © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected] Photo credit for the photograph on the cover: Dmitry Markov (@dcim.ru) ISBN 978-5-6046520-0-8 Organization and Delivery of Child Protection Services in Russia (with two case studies: the Leningrad Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan) Aleksandra Posarac, Elena Andreeva, Dmitry Bychkov, Aleksandr Spivak, Olesya Feoktistova, Maria Nagernyak Table of Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 1 Executive summary ................................................................................................................................. 2 Background and methodology ............................................................................................................ 2 Children left without parental care in Russia: historical trends and current situation ...................... 2 Strategic policy framework at the federal level .................................................................................. 6 Institutional framework ...................................................................................................................... 8 The child protection system in practice: examples of the Leningrad Oblast and the Tatarstan Republic .............................................................................................................................................. 9 Public spending on children and families at risk and in public care ................................................. 13 Key messages .................................................................................................................................... 14 (i) Achievements ........................................................................................................................... 14 (ii) Issues that need attention ....................................................................................................... 15 (iii) Recommendations ................................................................................................................. 16 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 19 2. A snapshot of developments since the 1990s .................................................................................. 21 2.1 Trends ......................................................................................................................................... 21 (i) Early 1990s to early 2000s ........................................................................................................ 21 (ii) Early 2000s onwards ................................................................................................................ 22 (III) How does Russia compare to other countries? ...................................................................... 28 2.2 Sustaining achievements and advancing further child protection ............................................. 29 2.3 To conclude ................................................................................................................................. 33 3. National policy on the protection and support to families at risk and children left without parental care ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 3.1. Strategic documents from the last decade ................................................................................ 35 (i) National Strategy of Action for Children 2012 – 2017 .............................................................. 35 (ii) The Decade of Childhood ......................................................................................................... 39 3.2 Roles and functions of principal government bodies responsible for child protection.............. 40 (i) Regulatory framework .............................................................................................................. 40 (ii) Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 42 3.3 Delineation of responsibilities .................................................................................................... 44 3.4 To conclude ................................................................................................................................. 46 4. Case studies: the Leningrad Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan .................................................. 47 4.1 Flow and total number of children in public care in Russia, the Leningrad Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan ........................................................................................................................ 47 4.2 Flow of children left without parental care by types of care ...................................................... 47 4.3 Probability of making transition from residential care to a family type of care depending on the child’s age.......................................................................................................................................... 50 4.4 The role of the health status ....................................................................................................... 53 4.5 The puzzling case of the fourth health group ............................................................................. 55 4.6 Measuring performance of prevention ...................................................................................... 57 4.7 To conclude ................................................................................................................................. 58 5. Organization and delivery of child protection services in the Leningrad Oblast and the Republic of Tatarstan ............................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Leningrad Oblast ......................................................................................................................... 59 (i) Guardianship and trusteeship authorities ................................................................................ 59 (ii) Social services for children and families with children and the organizations that provide them .............................................................................................................................................. 60 (iii) Commissions on Minors' Affairs and Protection of Their Rights (Commissions on Minors' Affairs) ........................................................................................................................................... 62 (iv) Interdepartmental cooperation .............................................................................................. 64 (v) To conclude .............................................................................................................................. 65 5.2 Republic of Tatarstan .................................................................................................................. 66 (i) Guardianship and Trusteeship .................................................................................................. 66 (ii) Social services for children and families with children and the network of service providers 66 (iii) The Minors' Affairs Commissions............................................................................................ 68 (iii) Interdepartmental cooperation and Information system “Registration and monitoring of families and minors at social risk” ................................................................................................ 69 (iv) To conclude ............................................................................................................................