INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT OF 23 MAY 2008 2008 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE RECUEIL DES ARRE|TS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES AFFAIRE RELATIVE Av LA SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) ARRE|T DU 23 MAI 2008 Official citation: Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,p.12 Mode officiel de citation: Souveraineté sur Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks et South Ledge (Malaisie/Singapour), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008,p.12 Sales number ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente: 937 ISBN 978-92-1-071046-6 23 MAY 2008 JUDGMENT SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) SOUVERAINETÉ SUR PEDRA BRANCA/ PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS ET SOUTH LEDGE (MALAISIE/SINGAPOUR) 23 MAI 2008 ARRE|T 12 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paragraphs 1. CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-15 2. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 16-19 3. GENERAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 20-29 4. HISTORY OF THE DISPUTE 30-36 5. SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH 37-277 5.1. Arguments of the Parties 37-42 5.2. The question of the burden of proof 43-45 5.3. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh before the 1840s 46-117 5.3.1. Original title to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 46-80 5.3.2. The legal significance of the 1824 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 81-101 5.3.3. The relevance of the 1824 Crawfurd Treaty 102-107 5.3.4. The legal significance of the letter “of donation” of 1825 108-116 5.3.5. Conclusion 117 5.4. Legal status of Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh after the 1840s 118-272 5.4.1. Applicable law 118-125 5.4.2. The process for the selection of the site for Horsburgh lighthouse 126-148 5.4.3. The construction and commissioning of Horsburgh lighthouse, 1850-1851 149-163 5.4.4. The conduct of the Parties, 1852-1952 164-191 (a) Straits lights system and related British and Singa- pore legislation 166-180 (b) Constitutional developments and official descrip- tions of Singapore and Malaysia 181-189 (c) Johor regulation of fisheries in the 1860s 190-191 5.4.5. The 1953 correspondence 192-230 5.4.6. The conduct of the Parties after 1953 231-272 (a) Investigation by Singapore of shipwrecks in the waters around Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 231-234 (b) Visits to Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 235-239 (c) Naval patrols and exercises around Pedra Branca/ Pulau Batu Puteh by Malaysia and Singapore 240-243 (d) The display of the British and Singapore ensigns on Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh 244-246 (e) The installation by Singapore of military commu- nications equipment on the island in 1977 247-248 4 13 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) (f) Proposed reclamation by Singapore to extend the island 249-250 (g) A Malaysian Petroleum Agreement 1968 251-253 (h) The delimitation of Malaysia’s territorial sea 1969 254-256 (i) Indonesia-Malaysia Continental Shelf Agreement 1969 and Territorial Sea Agreement 1970 257-258 (j) The Indonesia-Singapore Territorial Sea Agree- ment 1973 259 (k) Inter-State co-operation in the Straits of Singapore 260 (l) Official publications 261-266 (m) Official maps 267-272 5.5. Conclusion 273-277 6. SOVEREIGNTY OVER MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE 278-299 6.1. Arguments of the Parties 278-287 6.2. Legal status of Middle Rocks 288-290 6.3. Legal status of South Ledge 291-299 7. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 300 5 14 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE 2008 YEAR 2008 23 May General List No. 130 23 May 2008 CASE CONCERNING SOVEREIGNTY OVER PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH, MIDDLE ROCKS AND SOUTH LEDGE (MALAYSIA/SINGAPORE) JUDGMENT Present: Vice-President AL-KHASAWNEH, Acting President; Judges RANJEVA, SHI,KOROMA,PARRA-ARANGUREN,BUERGENTHAL,OWADA,SIMMA, TOMKA,ABRAHAM,KEITH,SEPÚLVEDA-AMOR,BENNOUNA,SKOTNIKOV ; Judges ad hoc DUGARD,SREENIVASA RAO ; Registrar COUVREUR. In the case concerning sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge, between Malaysia, represented by H.E. Tan Sri Abdul Kadir Mohamad, Ambassador-at-Large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Adviser for Foreign Affairs to the Prime Minister, as Agent; H.E. Dato’ Noor Farida Ariffin, Ambassador of Malaysia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Co-Agent; H.E. Dato’ Seri Syed Hamid Albar, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malay- sia, 6 15 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) H.E. Tan Sri Abdul Gani Patail, Attorney-General of Malaysia, Sir Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C., Honorary Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit interna- tional, member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration, Mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell Professor of International Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international, Mr. Nicolaas Jan Schrijver, Professor of Public International Law, Leiden University, associate member of the Institut de droit international, Mr. Marcelo G. Kohen, Professor of International Law, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, associate member of the Institut de droit international, Ms Penelope Nevill, college lecturer, Downing College, University of Cam- bridge, as Counsel and Advocates; Datuk Azailiza Mohd Ahad, Head of International Affairs Division, Cham- bers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, Datin Almalena Sharmila Johan Thambu, Deputy Head 1, International Affairs Division, Chambers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, Ms Suraya Harun, Senior Federal Counsel, International Affairs Division, Chambers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, Mr. Mohd Normusni Mustapa Albakri, Federal Counsel, International Affairs Division, Chambers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, Mr. Faezul Adzra Tan Sri Gani Patail, Federal Counsel, International Affairs Division, Chambers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, Ms Michelle Bradfield, Research Fellow, Lauterpacht Centre for Interna- tional Law, University of Cambridge, Solicitor (Australia), as Counsel; Dato’ Hamsan bin Saringat, Director, State Economic Planning Unit, Johor State, Mr. Abd. Rahim Hussin, Under-Secretary, Maritime Security Policy Divi- sion, National Security Council, Department of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Mr. Raja Aznam Nazrin, Under-Secretary, Adjudication and Arbitration, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Capt. Sahak Omar, Director General, Department of Hydrography, Royal Malaysian Navy, Mr. Tuan Haji Obet bin Tawil, Deputy Director 1, Land and Mines Office of Johor, Dr. Hajah Samsiah Muhamad, Director of Acquisition, Documentation and Audiovisual Centre, National Archives, Cdr. Samsuddin Yusoff, State Officer 1, Department of Hydrography, Royal Malaysian Navy, Mr. Roslee Mat Yusof, Director of Marine, Northern Region, Marine Department Peninsular Malaysia, Mr. Azmi Zainuddin, Minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Malaysia in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Ms Sarah Albakri Devadason, Principal Assistant Secretary, Adjudication and Arbitration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, 7 16 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) Mr. Mohamad Razdan Jamil, Special Officer to the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Ms Haznah Md. Hashim, Principal Assistant Secretary, Adjudication and Arbitration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, as Advisers; Professor Dato’ Dr. Shaharil Talib, Head of Special Research Unit, Cham- bers of the Attorney-General of Malaysia, as Consultant; Mr. Tan Ah Bah, Director of Survey (Boundary Affairs Section), Depart- ment of Survey and Mapping, Professor Dr. Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah, Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Professor Dr. Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud, Director of the Institute for Malay- sian and International Studies, National University of Malaysia, Mr. Ahmad Aznan bin Zakaria, Principal Assistant Director of Survey (Boundary Affairs Section), Department of Survey and Mapping, Mr. Hasnan bin Hussin, Senior Technical Assistant (Boundary Affairs Sec- tion), Department of Survey and Mapping, as Technical Advisers, and the Republic of Singapore, represented by H.E. Mr. Tommy Koh, Ambassador-at-Large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Singapore, Professor of Law at the National University of Singapore, as Agent; H.E. Mr. Anil Kumar s/o N T Nayar, Ambassador of the Republic of Sing- apore to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as Co-Agent; H.E. Mr. S. Jayakumar, Deputy Prime Minister, Co-ordinating Minister for National Security and Minister for Law, Professor of Law at the National University of Singapore, H.E. Mr. Chan Sek Keong, Chief Justice of the Republic of Singapore, H.E. Mr. Chao Hick Tin, Attorney-General of the Republic of Singapore, Mr. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., member of the English Bar, Chair- man of the United Nations International Law Commission, Emeritus Chichele Professor of Public International Law, University of Oxford, member of the Institut de droit international, Distinguished Fellow, All Souls College, Oxford, Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, member and former Chairman of the United Nations International Law Commis- sion, associate member of the Institut de droit international, Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of the New York Bar, Frere Cholmeley/Eversheds, Paris, Ms Loretta Malintoppi, avocat à la Cour d’appel de Paris, member of the Rome Bar, Frere Cholmeley/Eversheds, Paris, as Counsel and Advocates; 8 17 PEDRA BRANCA/PULAU BATU PUTEH (JUDGMENT) Mr. S. Tiwari, Principal Senior State Counsel, Chambers of the Attorney- General of the Republic of Singapore, Mr. Lionel Yee, Senior State Counsel, Chambers of the Attorney-General of the Republic of Singapore, Mr. Tan Ken Hwee, Senior Assistant Registrar, Supreme Court of Singa- pore, Mr. Pang Khang Chau, Deputy Senior State Counsel, Chambers of the Attorney-General of the Republic of Singapore, Mr.