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Xerox University Microfilms 7 3 - 1 8 , 8 6 5 BLACKMAN, Margaret Berlin, 1944- THE NORTHERN AND KAIGANI HAIDA: A STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHIC ETHNOHISTORY. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Anthropology University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Margaret Berlin Blackman 1973 TtlE NORTflERN AND KAIGANI HAIDA A STUDY IN PHOTOGRAPHIC ETHI^OHISTORY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Margaret Berlin Blackman, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1973 Approved by Adviser Department of Anthropology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Several institutions and individuals have contributed to the evolution of this dissertation from a research idea, through field­ work, to its final form, I gratefully acknowledge financial aid re­ ceived from The National Science Foundation (Grant GS 27201), The Society of the Sigma Xi, The Explorers Club, and The National Museums of Canada. In addition, the National Anthropological Archives, the British Columbia Provincial Museum, and The National Museums of Canada provided me with free archival photographs. A single photograph of the interior of Chief Weah's house at Mas set given me by Dr. Edwin S. Hall, Jr. largely determined the course of my research and fieldwork. Neither of us suspected in I969 that his directive upon handing me this photograph, "See what you can do with this," would result in a dissertation. Dr. Hall advised me throughout all stages of my research; his wise counsel and good cheer expressed in letters during my fieldwork are of especial value to me. I believe the effects of his teaching and his approach to anthropolo­ gical problems are reflected in this dissertation. My adviser. Dr. Erika Bourguignon, brought a fresh perspective to the reviews of my dissertation drafts. I appreciate not only her excel­ lent advice bat am grateful to her for finding financial support for me during the writing of the dissertation. ii To Professor Perry E. Borchers of the Department of Architecture at The Ohio State University I owe a very special debt. Mr. Borchers was most enthusiastic about the possibility of photograrametric analysis of Haida architecture and undertook the awesome task of instructing me in the rudiments of photogrammetry. In embarkJ.ng upon fieldwork in a rather well-trodden geographical area, I was most fortunate in having the cooperation of two other anthropologists idio had done fieldwork and/or ethnohistorical research on the Haida. Dr. Mary Lee Stearns of the University of Victoria gave me invaluable help prior to departing for the field and provided me with data from her own fieldwork at Masset. Dr. George F. MacDonald of the National Museum of Man in Ottawa advised me in matters of Haida ethnohistory and offered numerous suggestions and thought-provoking criticisms, particularly during the early, crucial stages of writing. I would like to thank Dr. William Sumner for helping me with ini­ tial organizational problems and Dr. Viola Garfield for letting me study her field notes of Kasaan. I am also grateful to the following individuals for assistance with research problemsi Margaret Blaker, formerly of the National Anthropological Archives | Nick Gessler of the Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta j Elisabeth Jackson of the National Museum of Man; Walter Johnson, Photohistorian, The Ohio State University; Barbara RoutLey of the British Columbia Provincial Museum; and, Allan Taylor of the U. S. Forest Service. Fellow graduate students, Rita Byrnes, Judith Gussler, and James McLeod gave several hours of their time to proofread this manuscript, iii and I appreciate their help. For my husband, Jim, Wio endured my fits of depression, my irri­ tability, and my occasional good humor while in the field and who shared with me all the elation as well as the boredom of fieldwork, I have the utmost admiration. He took an active part in all aspects of ray fieldwork, read and critiqued each chapter of this dissertation, and drew the Figures and three maps of Kasaan. The best compliment I can pay Jim is to say that he has been my severest critic; to him too goes the credit for several of the ideas expressed in this disser­ tation. I owe a great deal to my mother who h&a always encouraged me in my academic endeavors and whose financial assistance during my years as a graduate student has been most appreciated. Finally, it is the people of Masset and Hydaburg whom I thank for their gracious acceptance of two outsiders, for their generous loan of equipment, and for their cooperation and interest in my project. I hope this dissertation will meet witli their approval, and if in some way it can give the Haida people a better understanding of their cul­ tural heritage, it will be a contribution. VITA June 12, 1 9 # ....... Born - Detroit, Michigan 1966............... B.A., Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 1966-1968........... Teaching Assistant, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1968. ............. M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1971 ........... MDEA-IV Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio I97I-I9 72....... Research and Teaching Associate, Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Col­ umbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS 1973 Totems to Tombstones: Culture Change as Viewed through the haida Mortuary Complex, 1877-1971» Ethnology 12:#- 56. 1972 Iieiiw)ns, the "Monster" House of Chief W£:ha: An Exercise in Ethnohistorical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Reasoning. Syesis 5:211-25. with James W. Ryder 1970 The Avunculate: A Cross-Cultural Critique of Claude Lévi- Strauss. Behavior Science Notes 5:97-115» UIÎPU3LISHED PAPERS PRESENTED AT MEETINGS 1972 The Application of Photogrammetry to Photographic Ethno­ history. American Anthropological Association Meetings, November, 1972. 1970 Photography in Ethnohistory; An Analysis of the Material Culture of "Big House", Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, Elsie Clews Parsons Prize Essay Contest, American Ethno­ logical Society Meetings, May, 1970, 1969 Antiques for Anthropology; A Proposal for the Study of Colonial New England Furniture, American Anthropological Association Meetings, November, 19^9, FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Cultural Anthropology North American Ethnology Culture Change Material Culture Ethnohistory Visual Anthropology TABLE OF CONTENTS Pape ACKMOVJLEIX}î-Ei:TS................................................................................................................. ü VITA................................. »................... V LIST OF TABLES........................................ x LIST OF FIGURES...................................... xi LIST OF PLATES........................................ xiii IÎTRODUCTION................................. 1 Chapter I. THE 130RTHERR ALD KAIGARI HAIDAi THE PTHIiO- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................... 6 The Traditional Haida Geography and Climate Subsistence Settlement Patterns Population Social Structure The Potlatch Culture Contact and Change Maritime Exploration and Trade, 177^-1834 The Land Fur Trade and the Hudson's Bay Company, I834-C.I875. Missionization and Forced Acculturation, 1875-1900 Conclusion II. THE NORTHER]': AND KAIGAHI HAIDA, 1970-19711 ETHKOnlSTORICAL FIELD RESEARCH.................... 53 Masset The Village Arrival Participation in Village Life Field Methods Continuities in Haida Culture Ethnohistorical Data from Masseti Summary and Discussion Hydaburg Historical Background Ethnohistorical Research, June-3eptember, 1971 Summary III. ETHUOhlSTORY AMD THE STILL PHOTOGRAPH.............