Glossary (PDF)

Glossary (PDF)

Section Name –LIZZIE WADE on May 4, 2013 E L Y P M I T A/ S A www.sciencemag.org N ) M TO T BO ( ; A N O Z ARI F O Y T I ERS Downloaded from V I UN / L P J A/ S A N ; L P J / A AS N Gas giants more than 50 times the mass A planet with about two to 10 times the ; W of Earth orbiting too close to their stars to A planet that is less massive than Neptune mass of Earth. Can be hard to distinguish E CR 7 1 be habitable. Make up 42% of confi rmed but shares its characteristic thick atmo- from a mini-Neptune. Example: Kepler-62 O L L planets. Example: 51 Pegasi b. sphere of hydrogen and helium. Current e and f. O detection techniques can have trouble AP A/ telling them from super-Earths. Example: AS N ) Similar to a hot Jupiter in mass and prox- Kepler-11 b-f. A planet about the mass of Earth, but not nec- HT G I imity to a star, but much less dense and essarily within its star’s habitable zone. Exam- R O T T thus larger. Synonym: Infl ated hot Jupiter. ple: Planet orbiting Alpha Centauri Bb. F E L Example: HAT-P-1. S O T HO P A rocky planet with one to 10 times the mass C HI Planets between 10 and 50 Earth masses of Earth, orbiting in the habitable zone of its AP R G ( orbiting close to their stars. Example: star. Possible example: expected any time. : S T Gliese 436 b. Synonyms: Twin Earth, Goldilocks planet, DI E R Earth 2.0, Earth analog, Earth-like planet. C 570 3 MAY 2013 VOL 340 SCIENCE www.sciencemag.org Published by AAAS A planet that does not orbit a star. Astron- omers don’t know whether these wander- ing planets were ejected from star systems or formed by themselves in interstellar space. Rogue planets can be up to 13 times the mass of Jupiter; more-massive bod- ies are classifi ed as brown dwarfs. Without stars to keep them warm, they are always frigid. Synonyms: orphan planet, homeless planet, nomad planet, free-fl oating planet, sub-brown dwarf. Example: CFBDSIR 2149-0403. An exoplanet orbiting a pulsar, a spinning neutron star left behind after a supernova; probably debris from the explosion, trapped by the neutron star’s strong gravity. Only a handful are known. Not habitable. Examples: on May 4, 2013 CL PSR 1257+12 b, c, and d, the fi rst exoplanets ever TS R S discovered back in 1992. O F O S E A/ ÇAD CAL . L / A AS N ; A/ M S www.sciencemag.org U E ; TI L R P J O S A super-Earth covered in water — A/ N S A CO A planet that orbits a binary star in the form of ice, oceans, or a N A; VVV D system and thus has two suns water-vapor atmosphere, depend- / O ÇA T L I instead of one. Examples: ing on the planet’s proximity to the A A S C . L R Kepler-16 b, Tatooine. star. Example: Gliese 1214b. / E/ O RM ES ; O Downloaded from CS I EL S D Y . P H P A/ D TRO ÇA AS AL R A moon orbiting an exoplanet. Some exomoons of C . O L F / gas giants may have molten interiors thanks to tidal With orbits the shape of stretched- R O E S T E N heating, which could keep them warm even outside out ellipses, these planets can C; S CE S / their stars’ habitable zones and make them easy to swoop through drastically different T AN I UR N spot from afar. But so far, no exomoons have been temperature zones in the course of O H . S R H observed. Possible example: Fomalhaut b. a year. Example: HD 80606 b. T H/ I C M E -S T D AL AR -C V L P J HAR A/ / AS AR Sometimes called a failed star, a brown dwarf L N I : ) U T G forms when a cloud of gas collapses but is not The rocky core left behind after F A E L D. P / massive enough to ignite the fusion reactions the gas of a hot Jupiter evaporates O A S T E that fuel fully formed stars. Brown dwarfs can as a result of orbiting so close M A/ O R AS be 13 to 75 times the mass of Jupiter. Less to its star. Synonym: chthonian F N E S I massive bodies are rogue planets; more mas- planet, evaporated remnant core. CH; W E K T C L sive ones can sustain fusion and are thus stars. Example: COROT-7b (suspected); O -CA CL L ( Some brown dwarfs have their own planets. HD 209458 b is in the process P S J T A/ DI Example: 2M1207. of evaporating. E AS R C N www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 340 3 MAY 2013 571 Published by AAAS.

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