THE LIFE OF THE M OLLU SCA B B OODWARD ar c . gy , . OF THE n m su MUSEUM ( NATURAL m sro m r) PAST-PRESIDENT o n THE MALACODOGIGAL SOCIETY OF LON DON WITH THIRTY-TWO PLATES AND A MAP TD M ETHUEN C O . L . C . E SSE X STR E E T W. LON DON PR EFACE T HE object o f the present work is to give a succinct account o f what is known concerning the life o f that branch o f the animal kingdom to a l an d Cu which the Sn i , the Oyster , the ttlefish — C belong the MOLLUS A. E a a ha heref re speci l ttention s, t o , been given to their a an d a f history , rel tionships, everyd y li e (ecology), a m with only gener l notes on their anato y, classifica t o an d s u . i n di trib tion , etc The numerous illustrations it is hoped will prove M u helpful to students . any fig res have been specially M . M . bu f drawn by iss G Woodward, t most o them ’ r . P . first appeared in the late D . S Woodward s M u o f M a a a n an al the ollusc , the origin l dr wings a d engravings fo r which are in the possession o f the a are writer . Cordi l thanks due to the Trustees o f the British Museu m fo r their courteous permission vi THE LIFE OF THE M OLLUSCA to reproduce illustrations from their publications or taken from specimens on exhibition in the Natural M u History use m . Other illustrations have been Mr M . kindly lent by . W. Webb , F. L . S. a u N a a H M To his colle g es in the tur l istory useum , Mr. E . A an d Mr . Smith , . G C . Crick, the author is indebted fo r valuable assistance in regard s o f a to point nomencl ture. CHAPTER PAGE INDEX L IST O F IL LUSTRATIO N S PLAT E I TH SH O A OF . E ELL (IN SECTI N) AND NIMAL THE ’ P N U US N autilus om ilzus EARLY A TIL ( p p ) . II. V O S G S O O S S OW A L S ARI U A TR P D , H ING THE NIMA C W RA LING. D G K F OF III . IA RAMMATIC S ETCHES O THE STRUCTURE THE G S N OUS S OF M O US ILL AND ERV SY TEM LL CA . D RAWIN G S OF THE D IFFERENT FORM S OF THE M S R U OF M O S ANDIBLE AND AD LA LLU CA , ETC . IV D G A . IA R MMATIC SKETCHES To ILLUSTRATE (a) THE TO S O OF G S O O BO b T T R I N THE A TR P D DY , ( ) HE RAN SITION FROM A FLAT -COILED GASTROPOD SHELL To R OR A - H S ONE c TH A IGHT LEFT ANDED PIRAL , ( ) E M O S B S d T ANTLE PENING IN IVALVE , AND ( ) HE D F F S B IFFERENT ORM S O GILL IN IVALVE S . V D FO S OF CO G OF A U . IFFERENT RM ILIN , PERT RE , AND G S O S ORNAMENTATION IN A TR POD SHELL . VI TOFOGRAFHV OF G S O O SH S FO M O . A TR P D ELL , AND R ATI N OF C US U U S OF N A TI CA ALL IN THE MBILIC . VII. NO P O G S O O TCHED AND ERF RATED A TR P D SHELLS . SHELL STRUCTURE AND R EMOVAL OF PORTIONS OF THE SHELL . VIII V OUS D S FOR EX E . ARI EVICE CLUDING NEMIES FROM G S O O SH S A TR P D ELL . V S FO F IX. ARIOU RMS O SHELL AND ANIMAL IN THE A PO O O B A O HO C ( ) LYPLAC PH RA , ( ) PLAC P RA , AND ( ) P OSO D O OG OSS R O OSS R BRANCHIA ( C L A AND HIPID GL A). ix x THE LIFE OF THE MOLLUSCA PLATE V O U S FO S OF S S G S O O X . ARI RM HELL IN THE A TR P DA PROSOBRANCHIA (TE N IOGLOSSA). XI V OU S FO S OF S S G S O O . ARI RM HELL IN THE A TR P DA PROSOBRANCHIA ( R HACHIG LOSSA). XII V OU S FO S OF S S G S O O . ARI RM HELL IN THE A TR P DA P T x G LOSSA H T ROSOBRANCHIA ( o o ), T E ECTI H OF A S OF N U . BRANC IA , AND THE NIMAL DIBRANCHIA III V OU S FO S OF S S PU O . X . ARI RM HELL IN THE LM NATA - V A O E S U Testacella sm tulum . XI . W RM ATING L G ( ) XV U U S OF S O O . STR CT RE AND HELL THE CAPH P DA ’ - (ELEPHANTS TU SK S HELL S). V OUS BIVAL VE s S HOW A S X . ARI , ING THE NIMAL E TENDED XVI TO O OF B S S . P GRAPHY IVALVE HELL . VII V OU S FO S OF B S S : P O O X . ARI RM IVALVE HELL R T ERAN H A F C I AND ILIBRANCHIA . I V OU S FO S OF B S S : EULAMELLI XVII . ARI RM IVALVE HELL A OS B SU BRANCHIA ( . TRACEA, . BMYTILACEA, AND C T ' . ELLINACEA). XIX V O S FO S OF B E S : EULAMELLI . ARI U RM IVALV SHELL D V E . C BRANCHIA ( . ENERACEA . ARDIACEA , F C G M . HAMACEA , AND . YACEA). V O S FO S OF B S : E ULAMELLI XX. ARI U RM IVALVE SHELL H D M A A I H A E S CE . A BRANC IA ( . AND NATINACEA) S AND EPTIBRANCHIA . XXI C O FO OF A . EPHALOP D STRUCTURE AND RM NIMAL , ETC . II V IOUS F S F C O O XX . AR ORM O THE SHELL IN EPHAL P DA TETRABRANCHIA (N AUTILUS AND AMMONITES) . III R S O O OF A OF B S . XX . E T RATI N NIMAL AND SHELL ELEMNITE IV FO S OF B ITS XX . RM THE SHELL IN THE ELEMNITE AND D S S E CENDANT . XXV V US F S F I . ARIO ORM O THE ANIMALS AND NTERNAL S HELLS OF CEPHALOPODA DIBRANCHIATA (CUTTLE S H PE N- AND-INx-F SH O O U S FI , I . AND CT P ). VI V O S FO S OF SE - XX . ARI U RM A BUTTERFLIE S (PTEROPODA) H O O W S S F P AND ETER P DA , ITH HELL O ELAGIC FR Y OF M O S - LLU CA , AND SURF DWELLING P UL O S M NATE , ETC . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xi PLAT E VII FE T KS OF S . XX . EDING RAC NAIL AND SLUG - - VIII L H S O OF CO I MAGIL US . XX . IFE I T RY THE RAL NHABITING ExAMFLE OF F OUS FO MOF OU CO A IBR R TER VERING , OR PE OS OF M O S Xeno RI TRACUM, AND A LLU C ( pho m) THAT BUILDS INTO ITS SHELL FRAGMENTS O O S CO S F S O S. THER SHELL , RAL , AND T NE I T M O S E OS . XX X. YPICAL LLU CAN MBRY DIAGRAMMATIC SKETCHES OF THE STRUCTURE OF M O S E S . LLU CAN YE , ETC - E S EGG C SU S . OF SO G S O O S XXX. GG AND AP LE , ETC , ME A TR P D . F T K B S SECTIONS O SOME HIC IVALVE SHELL . F F O VARIATIONS O THE O T IN BIVALVE M OLLUSCA . I CO O G S C W S OW XXX . MM N ARDEN NAIL RA LING . AND H ING F THE M OTION OF THE OOT . II E FO S OF G ASTROFOD S S XXX . CCENTRIC RM HELL , AND ExAMFLES OF THE ExTE RN AL R ESEMELANCE BETWEEN SHELLS OF WIDELY DIFFERENT FO RM S OF M OLLUSCA . MAP. All the Plates (except Plate I f ronti spi ece) and the Map are at the and th book of e . THE LIFE O F THE M O LLUSCA CHAPTER I GEN ERAL IN TRODUCTORY HELLS have ever been attractive Objects owing to the beauty o f form an d Coloration displayed f m n u are by so many o the , a d tho gh they no longer fas c to hionable obje ts collect , every one in his , or her , young days has listened with wonder to the supposed a o f ea ca s are m ro r the s in their vitie , while there so e few who retain their predilection fo r them through " I o ut f a m a m s c c . li e , ke ore or less exten ive olle tions r an s a an a Fewer p e still, however , p y y ttention to f a d u fo r ha the anim al t hat ormed n b ilt the shell , it s u a s m a never stood high in pop l r e ti tion indeed , u u a an o f a nless good to eat , it is su lly object ver s u o f a ion , and yet there is no gro p the invertebr te , a .