Posted online: january 2009 “This internet site was updated on January 2011” Summary published in MYCOTAXON 106: 65-68. Sesli, E. and Denchev, CM. (2008). Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey. Mycotaxon 106: 65–67 + online version [2011]: 1-136 (http://www.mycotaxon.com/resources/checklists/sesli-v106-checklist.pdf) Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 1 2 Ertuğrul Sesli & Cvetomir M. Denchev 1 Department of Biology Education, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey (e-mail: [email protected]) 2 Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 23 Acad. G. Bonchev St., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria (e-mail: [email protected]) Corresponding author: [email protected] Sesli & Denchev – Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 2 Abstract This paper attempts to compile available data on myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes reported from or known to occur in Turkey, obtained from 428 publications issued between 1915 and January, 2011. Three main lists of correct names of myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes, recognized as occurring in Turkey, are given, in which the taxa are alphabetically arranged. The total number of correct names of species, recognized as occurring in Turkey and presented in the checklists, is 2196, including 222 myxomycetes, 152 ascomycetes, and 1822 basidiomycetes. For each taxon, references are cited. An index of synonyms based on literature records from Turkey is appended. The index includes 890 species and infraspecific taxa. A list of excluded records of 80 species, providing reasons for their exclusion, is also given. Key words: biodiversity, fungal diversity, macrofungi, Turkish mycota Introduction Turkey is a large rectangular peninsula situated between south-eastern Europe and Asia and its land mass is about 780.000 km 2. The term Anatolia is used in a specific reference and describes a large semiarid central plateau, rimmed by hills and mountains (URL 1). The European part and the Asian part (Anatolia) of Turkey are divided by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles. The Anatolian peninsula is the westernmost point of Asia and the country forms a natural bridge between Asia, Africa, and Europe (Fig. 1). Turkey is Fig. 1. Neighbouring countries and some of the major cities of Turkey “This internet site was updated on January 2011” Sesli & Denchev – Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 3 surrounded by eight countries (Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, Georgia, Iraq, Syria, Armenia and Nakhchivan) and three basins (Black Sea, Aegean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea) The topography of Turkey is largely hilly and mountainous across Anatolia (Atalay 1994). Geologically, Turkey is a part of the Alpine belt that extends from the Atlantic Ocean to the Himalaya Mountains and is one of the world’s more active earthquake and volcano regions. The topography of Turkey is a result of a variety of tectonic processes that have formed Anatolia over millions of years. The Asiatic Turkey flat land is scattered and confined to the deltas of Kızılırmak, Gediz, Büyükmenderes rivers, the coastal plains of Antalya and Adana, Salt Lake, Konya Basin, and some interior high plains in Anatolia (URL 1). Anatolia is a high plateau rising towards the east, containing many lakes, and broken up by river valleys. Diverse regions of Turkey have different climates, for instance, temperate climate in the Black Sea region, Mediterranean climate in the Aegean and Mediterranean regions, and continental climate in the interior. The wide range of temperature and precipitation conditions and the irregular topographic structure of Anatolia have created a great diversity of ecological conditions. On one hand, Turkey is among the richest floristic centres in the world (Anşin 1983) and according to Davis et al. (1971) represents the meeting ground of three phytogeographical regions: Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean, and Irano-Turanian (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Phytogeographical regions in Turkey (after Davis et al. 1971) “This internet site was updated on January 2011” Sesli & Denchev – Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 4 On the other hand, according to the climate, location, agricultural diversities, topography, flora, and fauna, Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions: Black Sea, Marmara, Aegean, Mediterranean, East Anatolian, South Anatolian, and Central Anatolian (Fig. 3). The Black Sea Region of Turkey has steep mountains and is covered by deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests. The area has a rocky coast with rivers, and from the west to the east the narrow coastal strip widens at several places into fertile cultivated deltas. The mild, damp climate of the region is favourable for farming. Various vegetables, fruits, tobacco, rice, and hazelnuts are produced in the middle Black Sea region. The Trabzon, Giresun, and Ordu are the most important places for the production of hazelnuts. Quality tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) is produced in Rize, Trabzon, and their surroundings. The western part of the Black Sea region is a centre of heavy industry. Mountain ranges, running in parallel to the Black Sea, create a barrier for rain clouds moving inland. This is an important factor in determining the ecological conditions of the region. The principal rivers of the Black Sea basin are Sakarya, Yeşilırmak, Kızılırmak, and Çoruh. These rivers flow from the mountains toward the Black Sea. Smaller rivers of the region are Đkizdere, Harşit çayi, Fırtına deresi, and Tortum River. Fig. 3. Geographical regions of Turkey The European part of Turkey is generally flat in comparison with Black Sea Region and is favourable for agriculture. The Bosphorus links the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara; and the Dardanelles Strait links the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean. The most important valleys are the Kocaeli and the Bursa Basin. The biggest city of Turkey is Đstanbul, located in “This internet site was updated on January 2011” Sesli & Denchev – Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 5 the Marmara Region. The principal rivers of the Marmara region are Simav and Susurluk. The most common trees and shrubs of the Euro-Siberian phytogeographical region of Turkey are as follows: Abies bornmuelleriana Mattf., A. equi-trojani (Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss.) Mattf., A. nordmanniana Spach, Acer campestre L., A. platanoides L., A. trautvetteri Medvedev, Alnus barbata C.A. Mey., A. glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Carpinus betulus L., C. orientalis Mill., Castanea sativa Mill., Corylus avellana L., Daphne pontica L., Fagus orientalis Lipsky, Hedera colchica (K. Koch.) K. Koch., Prunus laurocerasus L., Osmanthus decorus (Boiss. & Balansa) Kasapligil, Picea orientalis (L.) Link., Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, P. sylvestris L., Quercus frainetto Ten., Q. hartwissiana Steven, Q. petraea subsp. iberica (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Krassiln., Q. pontica K. Koch., Q. robur L., Rhododendron caucasicum Pall., Rh. luteum Sweet, Rh. ponticum L., Rh. smirnowii Trautv., and Tilia tomentosa Monench. Aegean region is located at the western side of Anatolia. This region has a fertile soil and Mediterranean climate with tepid, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Alluvium carried by the rivers has created fertile plains in the region. The mountain ranges permit the maritime climate to prevail several hundred kilometres inland. Main rivers of the region are the Büyük Menderes and Gediz. Mediterranean region has warm climate; bananas, citrus fruits, grapes, wheat, rice, cotton, and various vegetables are grown in the area. The region is separated from Anatolia by the Taurus Mountains which rise sharply from the coast to high elevations between Adana and Antalya. Taurus Mountains are parallel to the Mediterranean coast and create a barrier for rain clouds moving inland. Principal rivers of the Mediterranean region are the Manavgat, Aksu, Köprüçay, Göksu, Seyhan, and Ceyhan. The most important taxa of the Mediterranean phytogeographical region are Abies cilicica (Antoine & Kotschy) Carr., Arbutus unedo L., Cedrus libani A. Rich., Ceratonia siliqua L., Cercis siliquastrum L., Cistus creticus L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Ficus carica L., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb, J. foetidissima Willd., J. oxycedrus L., J. phoenicea L., Laurus nobilis L., Myrtus communis L., Nerium oleander L., Olea europaea L., Pinus brutia Ten., P. halepensis Mill., P. nigra subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, P. pinea L., Pistacia terebinthus L., Quercus aegilops L., Q. cerris L., Q. coccifera L., Q. ilex L., Q. infectoria Oliv., Q. libani Oliv., Q. pubescens Willd., Ruscus aculeatus L., and Spartium junceum L. The semiarid highlands of Central Anatolia occupy the area between North Anatolian “This internet site was updated on January 2011” Sesli & Denchev – Checklists of the myxomycetes, larger ascomycetes, and larger basidiomycetes in Turkey 6 and Taurus mountains. Northeast and northwest of the plateau are covered by forests. Konya Basin and the Salt Lake are the two largest basins on the plateau. The capital city of Turkey (Ankara) is located in this region. This geographical region receives little annual rainfall and the amount changes from year to year. The plateau has cold weather with heavy snow during winters and takes too much heat during summers. Central Anatolian basin