PROJECT REPORT On PASSWORD PROTECTED ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE 1 INDEX 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 04 1.2 Simplified block diagram 05 1.3 Description 06 2. System Importance 2.1 Advantages 07 2.2 Applications 07 3. Hardware Design 3.1 Hardware Description 08 3.2 Basic circuit working 09 3.3 Circuit diagram 12 3.4 Circuit operation 13 3.5 Design factor 14 4. Software Design 4.1 List of modules 15 4.2 Algorithm 16 4.3 Flowcharts 18 5. Future Expansion 20 6. User Guide 21 7. System Documents 7.1 Micro controller 89C51 22 APPENDIX: - References 23 Datasheets 24 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION India is world’s largest democracy. It is perceived to be charismatic one as it accommodates cultural, regional, economical, social disparities and still is able to stand on its own. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of Indian democracy. In India all earlier elections be it state elections or centre elections a voter used to cast his/her vote to his/her favorite candidate by putting the stamp against his/her name and then folding the ballot paper as per a prescribed method before putting it in the Ballot box. This is a long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors. This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this condensed into a simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine. EVM is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out the chance of invalid votes. Use of EVM results in reduction of polling time which results in fewer problems in electoral preparations, law and order, candidates' expenditure. It is easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the counting centre. It is also eco friendly. We endeavor to make “PASSWORD PROTECTED ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE” as our academic project. Electronic voting machine has now days become an effective tool for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes. Also such kind of system becomes more economical as consequent expenditure incurred on manpower is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongs to his candidates. Electronic voting machine consists of: Keypad to enter Password 89s51 micro controller Keypad for Voting and counting Display device Control Switches PC interface 3 1.2 SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM 4 1.3 EXPLANATION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM The “Electronic Voting Machine” basically consists of four main blocks; these are keypad, micro controller, display, and control switches. 1) Keypad: Keypad is basically a keypad having 8 keys. Thus it has one key specified for one candidate. This block is used in both voting and counting mode, in voting mode key of respective candidate is pressed, the corresponding signal is sensed by micro controller. In counting mode this keypad is used to check the votes of respective candidate. The key given for candidate is pressed and micro controller senses the corresponding signal. 2) Micro controller: Micro controller senses the signal given from switches and decides the mode of operation. In voting mode it increments the data for corresponding key which represents respective candidate. As well as it sends signal to display block to indicate one key is pressed. In counting mode micro controllers fetches data from memory location and send it to display devices. 3) Display: It consists of Liquid Crystal display (LCD). The display is a 16 by 2 alphanumeric display. 5 2.1 ADVANTAGES 1. It is protected by Password 2. It is economical 3. Less manpower required 4. Time conscious, as less time required for voting & counting 5. Avoids invalid voting 6. Saves transportation cost due to its compact size 7. Convenient on the part of voter 2.2 APPLICATION Could be used for voting purpose at any required place. Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like resident welfare association, “panchayat” level election and other society level elections. It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting. It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation. 6 3.1 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION MICROCONTROLLER The main controlling unit of this all is microcontroller. This microcontroller counts the number of persons entering into the room and displays it on the LCD. Design specification of Microcontroller 89S51 Features • Compatible with MCS-51 tm products. • 4k bytes of I system reprogrammable flash memory. • Endurance: 1000 write/erase cycles. • Fully static operation: 0Hz to 24 MHz. • Three level program memory lock. • 128*8 bit internal ram. • 32 programmable I/O lines. • Two 16 bit timers/counters. • Six interrupt sources. • Programmable serial channel. • Low power idle and power down modes. Description The AT89s52 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8 bit microcomputer with 4k bytes of flash programmable and erasable read only memory (EEPROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-52tm instruction set and pin out. The on chip flash allows program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by a conventional non volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8 bit CPU with flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard feature: 4k bytes of flash, 128 bytes of ram, 32 I/O lines, two 16 bit timers/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition the AT89S52 is 7 designed with a static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two selectable power saving modes. The IDLE mode stops the CPU while allowing the ram, timer/counter, serial port and interrupts system to continue functioning. The power down mode saves the ram contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset. PIN CONFIGURATION 40-lead PDIP Pin description 1) VCC : Supply voltage : Pin no 40 2) GND : Ground : Pin no 20 8 ARCHITECTURE: Port0: Port 0 is an 8 bit bi-directional I/O port. As an output port each pin can sink eight TTL input. When 1’s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during the access to external program memory. In this mode p0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during the flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during the program verification. 9 Port1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI); Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the inter- Port Pin Alternate Functions P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)5 2487D–MICRO–6/08 AT89S51 pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table. P3.0: RXD (serial input port) P3.1: TXD (serial output port) P3.2: INT0 (external interrupt 0) 10 P3.3: INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4: T0 (timer0 external input) P3.5: T1 (timer1 external input) P3.6: WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7; RD (external data memory read strobe) BASIC CIRCUIT OPERATION The main circuitries involved in it are: - CRYSTAL CIRCUIT: - This circuit gives the required clock pulses to the microcontroller to give it the sense of the reference time.