i | Page ` Contents Dedication ............................................................................................................................................... v Preface ................................................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. ix Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. x Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Contextual Background ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 KNCHR Project Objectives ........................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND ELECTIONS ................................... 18 2.1. NATIONAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................ 18 2.2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.1 The Elections Act, 2011 ........................................................................................................ 20 2.2.2 The Political Parties Act 2011 ........................................................................................ 21 2.2.3 The Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) Act, 2011 .................. 21 2.2.4 The Elections Offences Act, 2016 .................................................................................. 21 2.3 KEY HIGHLIGHTS OF THE 2016 AMENDMENTS ON THE ELECTORAL LAWS ................................ 22 2.4. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS ......................................................................... 31 2.5. JURISPRUDENCE ON ELECTIONS FROM THE COURTS ................................................................ 33 2.5.1. Diaspora Vote ...................................................................................................................... 33 2.5.2. Declaration of Results ......................................................................................................... 34 2.5.3. Prisoners Right to Vote ....................................................................................................... 35 2.5.4. Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal in election matters ...................................................... 36 2.5.6. Timelines for Filing of Appeals ............................................................................................ 36 2.5.7. Irregularities arising from Human Errors ............................................................................ 37 2.5.8. Counting, Tallying and Announcement of Final Results ..................................................... 37 ii | Page 2.5.9. Public Participation in Procurement ................................................................................... 38 2.5.10. Use of Technology ............................................................................................................. 38 CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL PARTIES PRIMARIES AND CAMPAIGNS ............................................................ 40 Political Campaigns ........................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Electoral Violence ....................................................................................................................... 40 3.1.1 Layers of Electoral Violence ................................................................................................. 43 3.2 The Right to Fair Electoral Campaign Opportunities and Practices. ........................................... 53 3.2.1 Misuse of Public Resources .................................................................................................. 53 3.2.2 Appropriateness and Accessibility of Venues. ..................................................................... 59 3.3 Incitement ................................................................................................................................... 60 3.4 Voter Bribery ............................................................................................................................... 66 3.5 Right to Security during Elections ............................................................................................... 74 3.6. Internally Displaced Persons ...................................................................................................... 75 3.6.1 Movement of Persons .......................................................................................................... 77 3.7 Impact of Terror-Threat on the General Election ....................................................................... 79 3.8. Inter-Ethnic Tensions ................................................................................................................. 79 3.9 Peace Forums and Promotion of Electoral Security ................................................................... 80 3.9.1 The Right to Assembly and Peaceful Demonstrations ......................................................... 81 3.9.2 Special Interest Groups (SIGs). ............................................................................................. 83 CHAPTER 4: THE GENERAL ELECTION POLLING DAY FINDINGS ............................................................ 99 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 99 4.1 Security on Polling Day.............................................................................................................. 100 4.2 Electoral Environment .............................................................................................................. 101 4.2.1 Campaigns in and around the Polling Centres ................................................................... 102 4.2.2 Interference at Polling Centres .......................................................................................... 106 4.2.3 Bribery and Inducement .................................................................................................... 109 4.2.4 Ferrying of Voters .............................................................................................................. 111 4.2.5 Restive crowds and Long Queues ...................................................................................... 111 4.3 Polling, Counting and Results Transmission Process ................................................................ 118 4.3.1 Commencement of Voting ................................................................................................. 118 4.3.2 The Kenya Integrated Elections Management System (KIEMS)......................................... 121 4.4. Close of Polling: ........................................................................................................................ 131 4.5 Counting, Collating and Tallying Process .................................................................................. 136 4.5.1 Tabulation, Announcement and Signing off the Final Results ........................................... 140 iii | Page 4.5.2 Issuance and Displaying the Final Results at Polling Stations ............................................ 141 4.5.3 Transmission of Results...................................................................................................... 142 4.5.4 Transportation of the Electoral Materials ......................................................................... 144 4.6 Prisoners Right to Political Participation ............................................................................... 144 4.6.1 Registration of Prisoners .................................................................................................... 147 4.6.2 Monitoring the Polling Process in Prisons ......................................................................... 150 4.6.3 Issues arising out of Prisons Polling Stations ..................................................................... 156 CHAPTER 5: POST-ELECTION FINDINGS .............................................................................................. 161 5.1 Strategy and Methodology ....................................................................................................... 162 5.2 Right to Life ............................................................................................................................... 163 5.3 Freedom from Torture, Degrading, Cruel and Inhuman Treatment ......................................... 176 5.3 Disruption of Access to Essential Goods and Services .............................................................. 206 5.4 Violation of the Right to Property ............................................................................................