ISSN 0914-918X Technology and Development No. 12 January 1999 ARTICLE Development Economics and Some Issues on Poverty Hideki ESHO Economic Development and Good Governance ― In Search of Functional Policies ― Yasutami SHIMOMURA A Reflection of Japan’s Experience on its ODA for Poverty Alleviation and WID Yuriko SATO Basic Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Possibilities for Japanese Assistance ― Based on Social Changes in the 1990s ― Yusuke NAKAMURA/ Takashi HAMANO/ Yoshiyuki NAGATA/ Yumiko YOKOZEKI/ Junko KURASHIMO CASE STUDY Factors to be Considered in Extending Grant Aid Cooperation ― Based on Grant Aid Cooperation to a Hospital in Uganda ― Hidechika AKASHI/ Yoichi HORIKOSHI/ Etsuko KITA Functional Relations between Local Government Units and National Government Agencies in Local Development : A Consideration to the 1991 Local Government Code, Impact Observed at the End of Transition Phase Yasutoshi YAMADA Optimum Crop Combination under Risk: Second Cropping of Paddy Fields in the Philippines Shigeki YOKOYAMA Japanese Language Education for Promotion of International Understanding and Cooperation ― An Example of Japan’s Assistance and Cooperation in Indonesia ― Yuko MOMOSE Risk Factors Influencing Childbirth in Rural Malawi Hiroyuki NAKANO / Gen INUO / Takatoshi KOBAYAKAWA / Akira KANEKO / Toshio AKIBA / Hiroaki YAMAZAKI / Tomoko SAITO / Kimiteru NAKAGAWAI NOTE A Study on the Cross-cultural Adaptation of Technical Experts Engaged in International Development Cooperation Activities: A Review of Literature and Directions in Research Michiko TOKUYAMA INFORMATION The Committee on the Country Study for Japan’s Official Development Assistance to Mongolia The Issue-wise Study Committee for Development Assistance on “Local Development and the Role of Government” JICA’s International Seminar on Basic Education and Development Assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa Study on the Participation of Disabled Persons in International Cooperation Activities, Phase II Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency EDITORIAL BOARD Managing Editor: IGARASHI, Teizo Managing Director, Institute for International Cooperation, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Members: (Alphabetical order in family name) ASANUMA, Shinji JICA Development Specialist / Professor at Hitotsubashi University FUKUHARA, Takefumi Managing Director, Medical Cooperation Department, JICA IKEDA, Tatsuhiko Managing Director, Social Development Study Department, JICA ISHIKAWA, Shigeru Emeritus Professor at Hitotsubashi University and Aoyama Gakuin University KUROKI, Ryo Managing Director, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Development Study Department, JICA NAKANO, Takeshi JICA Development Specialist TANIGAWA, Kazuo Mining and Industry Development Cooperation Department, JICA TSURUMI, Kazuyuki Managing Director, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Development Study Department, JICA UTSUMI, Seiji Professor at Osaka University Technology and Development (English edition) is published once a year by the Institute for International Cooperation (IFIC). 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Technology and Development No. 12 January 1999 CONTENTS C ARTICLE Development Economics and Some Issues on Poverty Hideki ESHO . 5 Economic Development and Good Governance – In Search of Functional Policies – Yasutami SHIMOMURA . 11 A Reflection of Japan’s Experience on its ODA for Poverty Alleviation and WID Yuriko SATO . 17 Basic Education in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Possibilities for Japanese Assistance – Based on Social Changes in the 1990s – Yusuke NAKAMURA / Takashi HAMANO / Yoshiyuki NAGATA / Yumiko YOKOZEKI / Junko KURASHIMO . 33 CASE STUDY Factors to be Considered in Extending Grant Aid Cooperation – Based on Grant Aid Cooperation to a Hospital in Uganda – Hidechika AKASHI / Yoichi HORIKOSHI / Etsuko KITA . 41 Functional Relations between Local Government Units and National Government Agencies in Local Development : A Consideration to the 1991 Local Government Code, Impact Observed at the End of Transition Phase Yasutoshi YAMADA . 51 Optimum Crop Combination under Risk: Second Cropping of Paddy Fields in the Philippines Shigeki YOKOYAMA / Sergio R. FRANCISCO / Teruaki NANSEKI . 65 Japanese Language Education for Promotion of International Understanding and Cooperation – An Example of Japan's Assistance and Cooperation in Indonesia – Yuko MOMOSE . 75 Risk Factors Influencing Childbirth in Rural Malawi Hiroyuki NAKANO / Gen INUO / Takatoshi KOBAYAKAWA / Akira KANEKO / Toshio AKIBA / Hiroaki YAMAZAKI / Tomoko SAITO / Kimiteru NAKAGAWA . 83 NOTE A Study on the Cross-cultural Adaptation of Technical Experts Engaged in International Development Cooperation Activities: A Review of Literature and Directions in Research Michiko TOKUYAMA . 97 INFORMATION The Committee on the Country Study for Japan’s Official Development Assistance to Mongolia . 103 The Issue-wise Study Committee for Development Assistance on “Local Development and the Role of Government” . 105 JICA’s International Seminar on Basic Education and Development Assistance in Sub-Saharan Africa . 107 Study on the Participation of Disabled Persons in International Cooperation Activities, Phase II . 109 Institute for International Cooperation Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA was established on 1 August 1974 as an official aid agency of Japan under Japan the supervision of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In order to help promote International the ecomonic and social development of the developing world, JICA extends Cooperation various kinds of cooperation including technical cooperation, grant aid, dispatch Agency of Japan Overseas Cooperation Volunteers (JOCV). IFIC was established on 1 October 1983 as one of JICA’s affiliated organs. Its pupose Institute is undertaking recruitment of development specialists, training qualified Japanese For experts, research and study, and collection and dissemination of information of International technical cooperation. Cooperation Development Economics and Some Issues on Poverty ARTICLE Development Economics and Some Issues on Poverty Hideki ESHO Professor Faculty of Economics, Hosei University The collapse of the centrally controlled socialist system of the former Soviet Union provoked the emer- gence of new development challenges, such as ethnic conflicts, issues concerning the environment and the role of women, AIDS and human rights. Poverty in developing countries is no exception. Japan’s main concern for assistance is rapidly shifting from an infrastructure-oriented type to a poverty-oriented type. Development economics is a field of economics that focuses on identifying the nature and causes of poverty in the third world and seeks a development strategy to eradicating poverty. Looking back on the history of development economics, there are three major approaches: structuralism, the neo-classical approach, and reformism. In addition, more approaches are emerging from countercharging against the neo-classical approach. In reviewing how these various approaches deal with poverty, three challenges to poverty alleviation arise, which require further concentrated efforts. The first challenge is to elucidate the relationship between macro- level and micro-level analysis in terms of poverty. It is understood that a development strategy that increases employment opportunities for the poor and investment in human resources paves the way to eradicating pover- ty. The second challenge is to find a way to make the “capability approach” originated by Amartya Sen viable. The third challenge is to apply issues raised by the neo-institutionalists to poverty eradication, because ‘the governance or institutional design’ in formulating poverty projects and incentive structures for project execu- tors and beneficiaries are vital in making the projects successful. that focuses on identifying the nature and causes of I Introduction poverty in developing countries and seeks a develop- ment strategy to eradicating poverty. Looking back on As the