The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2008 Memory, promise, and imagination in Iraqi Kurdistan : leadership in education policy development Jessica Lynn Jastad Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Jastad, Jessica Lynn, "Memory, promise, and imagination in Iraqi Kurdistan : leadership in education policy development" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 240. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/240 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of San Francisco Memory, Promise, and Imagination in Iraqi Kurdistan: Leadership in Education Policy Development A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education Organization and Leadership Department Pacific Leadership International Emphasis In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education Jessica Jastad San Francisco, California December 2008 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate’s dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in this work represent the work of the candidate alone. Jessica Jastad April 28, 2008 Candidate Date Dissertation Committee Ellen A. Herda April 28, 2008 Chairperson Deborah P. Bloch April 28, 2008 Alma Flor Ada April 28, 2008 Table of Contents Chapter I. Introduction Introduction . 1 Statement of the Research Issue. 1 Background to the Research Issue. 2 The Ba’ath Arab Socialist Party . 3 March 11, 1970 Peace Accord and Its Collapse . 4 Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) . 5 The Anfal Campaign (1986-1989) . 6 The 1991 Kurdish Uprising . 7 Kurdish Autonomous Region . 7 Kurdistan Regional Government . 8 2003 Liberation of Iraq & 2005 Elections . 9 The Iraqi Constitution October 15, 2005 . 9 Unification of the KRG . 10 Significance of the Study . 10 Summary and Forthcoming . 11 II. Background of Kurdistan Introduction. 12 Land and People . 12 Language and Education . 14 Religion . 17 Economy . 18 The Kurds of Iraq 1919-1970 . 19 Summary. 20 III. Review of the Literature Introduction. 21 Memory . 21 A History of Conflict . 22 Education Policy . 22 Economy and Development . 23 Promise . 25 Diaspora . 26 Human Rights Abuses . 27 Imagination . 28 Autonomy, Sovereignty, Statehood . 29 Summary . 32 ii IV. The Research Process Introduction . 33 Theoretical Framework for the Research Project . 33 Ricoeurian Theory of Text Interpretation . 34 Geertz’ Theory of Interpretive Ethnography . 34 Ricoeurian Theory of Narrative Identity . 35 Ricoeurian Theory of Threefold Mimesis . 36 Heideggerian Concept of Being as it Relates to Care/Solicitude. 37 Heideggerian Concept of Being as it Relates to Language . 37 Habermasian Theory of Communicative Rationality . 38 Research Categories and Research Questions . 39 Category I: Memory . 39 Category II: Promise . 39 Category III: Imagination . 40 Pilot Study (Fall 2003) . 41 Entrée to Research Site . 42 Research Participants . 43 Data Collection Process . 45 Data Analysis Process . 45 Background of the Researcher . 46 Summary . 47 V. Memory Introduction . 48 Memories of the Iraqi Ba’ath & Education . 49 Only those Who Signed for the Ba’ath . 50 Wounding Events . 55 Arabization and the Anfal Campaign . 58 The Department of Arabization . 62 Summary . 63 VI. Promise Introduction . 64 The 1970 Peace Accord and Its Collapse . 64 Exile and Diaspora . 65 Ba’ath Pan-Arabism . 70 The Wake of the 1991 Kurdish Uprising . 74 Summary . 79 VII. Imagination Introduction . 80 The 2003 Liberation of Iraq . 80 Federalism . 82 Union by Choice with Iraq . 84 Powers Greater than the Ba’ath . 84 The Iraqi Constitution . 86 iii Utopian Education Policy . 88 Summary . 92 VIII. Justice Introduction . 94 Ricoeurian Theory of Narrative Identity . 94 Being-in-the World: Memory . 95 The Exemplary Dimension . 96 Being-in-the-World: Promise . 97 The Space of Experience & the Horizon of Expectation . 99 Becoming-in-the-World: Imagination . 100 A Critical Hermeneutic Model of Adult Learning . 100 Heideggerian Concept of Being as it Relates to Care and Solicitude . 101 Knowledge Production . 102 The Normalization of Kirkuk . 103 Education from an Ethic of Caring . 104 Caring Leadership . 106 Habermasian Theory of Communicative Rationality . 107 Summary . 109 IX. Summary, Findings, Implications, and Personal Reflections Summary . 111 Findings . 116 Implications . ..