Notes and References 1 The Permissive Society and the Moral Lobby I. On the early moral lobby, see Edward J. Bristow, Vice and Vigilance (Gill and Macmillan, 1977); Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987); Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (Longman, 1981 ), pp. 84--95. 2. Weeks, Sex, Politics, p. 87; Mort, Dangerous Sexualities, p. 123. 3. More work is called for on this subject but see Bristow, Vice and Vigilance, pp. 225-32. 4. For excellent discussions of the general context, see Stuart Hall, 'Permissiveness and the Legislation of Consent' in National Deviancy Conference (ed.), Permissiveness and Control (Macmillan, 1980) and Weeks, Sex, Politics, chapter 13. On specific issues, see Peter G. Richards, Parliament and Conscience (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1979). 5. Freedom 15 July 1967. 6. For the early campaign, see Mary Whitehouse, Cleaning Up TV (Blandford Press, 1967) and Who Does She Think She Is? (New English Library, 1971). The quote is from Cleaning Up, p. 23. For VALA, see Michael Tracey and David Morrison, Whitehouse (Macmillan, 1979); David Morrison and Michael Tracey, 'American Theory and British Practice: The Case of Mrs Mary Whitehouse and the National Viewers and Listeners Association' in Rajeev Dhavan and Christie Davies (eds.), Censorship and Obscenity (Martin Robert­ son, 1978); Roy Wallis, Salvation and Protest (Frances Pinter, 1979), chapter VII. 7. For SPUC and early opposition to abortion, see Colin Francome, Abortion Freedom (Allen and Unwin, 1984), pp. 90--4; David Marsh and Joanna Chambers, Abortion Politics (Junction Books, 1981), pp. 56-7. For MRA and the Clean-Up TV Campaign, see Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 63-6; for the social characteristics of VALA's support, see David Morrison and Michael Tracey, Opposi­ tion to the Age- A Study of the NVALA, report to the SSRC, 1978, p. 103, cited in Dallas Cliff, 'Religion, morality and the middle class' in Roger King and Neill Nugent (eds.), Respectable Rebels (Hodder and Stoughton, 1979), p. 140. 181 182 Notes and References 8. See Weeks, Sex, Politics, pp. 273-82; Stuart Hall et al., Policing the Crisis (Macmillan, 1978), pp. 238-323. 9. On Powell, see Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain (NLB, 1977), chapter 6; John Wood (ed.), Powell and the 1970 Election (Elliot Right Way Books, 1970). 10. For Britain in the seventies, see Hall, Policing the Crisis, pp. 260-323; Phillip Whitehead, The Writing On The Wall (Michael Joseph, 1985). 11. For the different components of the moral lobby, see Cliff, 'Re­ ligion,morality and the middle class'. 12. Family and Child Protection Group, press release, 25 August 1976. 13. For LIFE, see Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, pp. 59-60; Francome, Abortion Freedom, pp. 160-3. For the British section of the World Federation of Doctors Who Respect Human Life, see Church Times 9 October 1981; for the Association of Lawyers for the Defence of the Unborn, see Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, pp. 62-3. 14. Tracey and Morrison, Whitehouse, pp. 143-5; Mary Whitehouse, Whatever Happened to Sex? (Hodder and Stoughton, 1977), p. 197. 15. The Times 21 October 1974. 16. Sunday Times 1 October 1978; Jean Coussins and Anna Coote, The Family in the Firing Line (NCCL/CPAG, 1981), p. 7; Family Life (NCH Occasional Papers, 1979), pp. 10-12. 17. See e.g. Sunday Telegraph 2 October 1977; Times 17 October 1977. 18. M.A. McCarthy and R.A. Moodie, 'Parliament and Pornography: the 1978 Child Protection Act', Parliamentary Affairs, XXIV.l, Winter 1981; Mary Whitehouse, A Most Dangerous Woman (Lion, 1982), chapter 13. 19. Daily Telegraph 15 May 1978. 2 The Battle Against Abortion 1. Both SPUC and LIFE have around 35,000 members. Interviews with Keith Davies, 24 August 1990; Phyllis Bowman, 4 September 1990. There are, as we have noted, other 'pro-life' organisations, the Association of Lawyers for the Defence of the Unborn, for in­ stance, numbering in 1988 'well over 1,900 members', News and Comment 40 (Winter 1988). 2. For abortion before 1979, see Richards, Parliament and Conscience, chapter 5; Bridget Pym, Pressure Groups and the Permissive Society (David and Charles, 1974); Victoria Greenwood and Jock Young, Abortion in Demand (Pluto, 1976); Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, chapter 1; Francome, Abortion Freedom, chapters 4 and 7. 3. Catholic Herald 14, 21, 28 August 1970. 4. Catholic Herald 28 October 1977, 21 April, 28 April 1978. 5. Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, pp. 86-7. 6. Human Concern 3 (Summer 1979); Catholic Herald 12 January, 18 January 1979. Notes and References 183 7. Catholic Herald 20 April 1979; Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, pp. 87-9. Marsh and Chambers note that in each of the four seats the swing to the Conservatives was higher than the regional average and that SPUC and LIFE may indeed have had an effect on the result. However, they point out, in all the cases Labour would have lost even on the regional average swing. 8. On the Corrie Bill see Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics; Francome, Abortion Freedom, chapter 7; D. Marsh and J. Cham­ bers, The Abortion Lobby: Pluralism at Work?' in David Marsh (ed.), Pressure Politics (Junction Books, 1983). See also David Marsh and Melvyn Read, Private Members' Bills (Cambridge University Press, 1988), chapter 6. 9. Catholic Herald 6 July 1979. 10. Catholic Herald 13 July 1979; Guardian 11 July 1979. 11. Catholic Herald !4 December 1979. 12. Universe 19 October 1979;Church Times 2 November 1979; Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, p. 131; Daily Telegraph 31 January 1980. 13. Universe 7 March, 21 March 1980; Church Times 21 March 1980. 14. Catholic Herald 25 April 1980; Human Concern 5 (Summer 1980); Marsh and Chambers, Abortion Politics, p. 155. 15. Church Times 21 November 1980; LIFE News 8 (Spring/Summer 1981 ). 16. Guardian 28 November 1980. 17. The Times 14 January 1981; Catholic Herald 23 January 1981. 18. Church Times 29 January 1982; Catholic Herald 29 January 1982; Human Concern 9 (Spring 1982). 19. Catholic Herald 25 September 1981; LIFE News 9 (Summer-Autumn 1981 ). 20. Observer 21 November 1982; Daily Telegraph 22 November, 7 December 1982; Human Concern 12 (Spring 1983). 21. SPUC, 'A Matter of Life and Death' (leaflet); LIFE News 12 (Summer 1983). 22. Guardian 28 January 1984; Universe 27 January 1984; Catholic Herald 16 December 1983, 20 January, 3 February 1984. 23. Guardian 20 July, 30 July 1985; Catholic Herald 2 August 1985. 24. SPUC press release, 4 September 1986; Church Times 12 September 1986. 25. LIFE, 'Your Vote - Their Lives'(leaflet). 26. Universe 28 November 1986; The Times II December 1986. 27. Independent 26 January 1987; Universe 6 February 1987; Daily Telegraph 13 February 1987. 28. Buzz March 1987. 29. Guardian 24, 25 February 1987; Daily Telegraph 25, 26 February 1987; Universe 27 February 1987; Human Concern 23 (Early Summer [1987]). 30. Independent 4 March 1987; Catholic Herald 6 March 1987; Universe 27 March 1987. 184 Notes and References 31. Guardian 7 April 1987; Universe 10 April, 8 May 1987. 32. Catholic Herald 5 June 1987; Universe 22 May 1987. 33. (Birmingham) Daily News 10 June 1987; Universe 26 June 1987. 34. HC Debs 7 July 1987 c190. 35. Catholic Herald 14 August 1987; Guardian 27 October 1987. 36. Observer 30 August 1987; Catholic Herald 2 October 1987; Guardian 27 October 1987. 37. Interview with Phyllis Bowman, 4 September 1990; C. Whitehouse, 'The Embryo Bill- so what happened in Parliament?' (tape of 1990 SPUC Conference workshop, sold at Conference); Mail on Sunday 25 October 1987; Today 26 October 1987. 38. Guardian 17 December 1987. 39. Universe 18 December 1987, 1 January 1988. 40. Universe 15 January 1988; Daily Express 15 January 1988. 41. Observer 17 January 1988; Sunday Telegraph 17 January 1988; Independent 18 January 1988. 42. HC Debs 21 January 1988 c1090, 22 January 1988 c1271-3; Guardian 23 January 1988; C21 Christian March 1988; Daily Mail 23 January 1988. 43. The Times 3, 12 February 1988; Catholic Herald 11 March 1988; Guardian 30 April 1988. 44. Guardian 23, 25 March 1988; Daily Telegraph 31 March 1988. 45. Daily Telegraph 15 April 1988; Universe 22 April 1988. 46. Independent 22 April, 3 May 1988; Guardian 27 April, 5 May 1988. 47. Guardian 6 May 1988; Times 7 May 1988; Independent 7 May 1988; Daily Telegraph 7 May 1988. 48. Guardian 9 May 1988; Catholic Herald 13 May 1988; Times 13 May 1988. 49. Daily Telegraph 14 May 1988; Guardian 14, 17, 20 May 1988. 50. Universe 10 June 1988; Guardian 9 July 1988. 51. Catholic Herald 16 September 1988. 52. Tablet 3 September 1988; Our Family January-February 1990. 53. Guardian 6 December 1988; Catholic Herald 9 December 1988; Times 17 December 1988. 54. Church of England Newspaper 6 January 1989; Guardian 12 January 1989; Universe 15 January 1989. 55. Guardian 21 January 1989. 56. Guardian 18 February, 4 March 1989; Universe 26 February 1989. 57. The Times 3 February 1989; Daily Telegraph 16 February 1989; Tablet 25 February 1989. 58. Universe 23 April, 4 June 1989; Times 10 April 1989; Human Concern 27 (Summer 1989); Sunday Express 23 July 1989; Tablet 7 October 1989; Guardian 24 October 1989; Anne Widdecombe speech to 1989 LIFE Conference (personal attendance); interview with Phyllis Bow­ man, 4 September 1990. 59. Sunday Express 22 October 1989; Sunday Times 22 October 1989; Guardian 23 October 1989; Independent 23 October 1989. 60. Guardian 7 April 1990; Observer 22 April 1990. Notes and References 185 61. Guardian 26 April 1990; Catholic Herald 27 April 1990; Daily Telegraph 26 April 1990; Universe 3 June 1990; Independent 22 June 1990; Universe 28 October, 4 November 1990.