Energy Storage Technology Assessment Prepared for Public Service Company of New Mexico HDR Report No. 10060535-0ZP-C1001 Revision B - Draft October 30, 2017 Principal Investigators Todd Aquino, PE Chris Zuelch, PE Cristina Koss Publi c Service Company of New Mexico | Energy Storage Technology Assessment Table of Contents I. Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 3 II. Introduction / Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 3 III. The Need for Energy Storage ............................................................................................................... 6 V. Energy Storage Technologies ............................................................................................................... 7 VI. Battery Storage Technologies .............................................................................................................. 7 Lithium Ion Battery ................................................................................................................................. 13 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 13 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 13 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 14 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 15 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 16 Lead Acid Battery .................................................................................................................................... 17 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 17 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 18 Technical Characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 18 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 20 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 20 Sodium Sulfur Battery ............................................................................................................................. 21 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 21 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 22 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 23 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 24 Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ................................................................................................................ 25 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 25 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 26 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 27 October 30, 2017 - Revision B - Draft 1 Publi c Service Company of New Mexico | Energy Storage Technology Assessment Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 27 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 27 Zinc Bromine Flow Battery ...................................................................................................................... 29 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 29 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 30 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 31 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 32 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 32 Zinc - Air Battery ..................................................................................................................................... 33 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 34 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 34 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 34 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 35 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 35 VII. Hybrid Battery/Turbine Technologies ............................................................................................... 36 Hybrid Battery/Turbine Technologies ..................................................................................................... 36 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 37 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 37 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 38 VIII. Flywheel Technology .......................................................................................................................... 39 Flywheel .................................................................................................................................................. 39 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Maturity .............................................................................................................................................. 39 Technological Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 40 Characteristics Data ............................................................................................................................ 40 Installed Costs ..................................................................................................................................... 41 Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 42 IX. Compressed/Liquid Air Energy Storage ............................................................................................. 43 Compressed Air Energy Storage.............................................................................................................. 43 Background ........................................................................................................................................