". AVEA­ -BROWN CO-DlRECTORES/EDITORS Onesimo Teot6nio Almeida, Brown University George Monteiro, Brown University EDITOR EXECUTIVO/MANAGING EDITOR Alice R. Clemente, Brown University CONSELHO CONSULTIVO/ADVISORY BOARD Francisco Cota Fagundes, Univ. Mass., Amherst Manuel da Costa Fontes, Kent State University Jose Martins Garcia, Universidade dos Arores Gerald Moser, Penn. State University Mario J. B. Raposo, Universidade de Lisboa Leonor Simas-Almeida, Brown University Nelson H. Vieira, Brown University Frederick Williams, Univ. Calij.. Santa Barbara Gdvea-Brown is published annually by Gavea-Brown Publications, sponsored by the Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies, Brown University. Manuscripts on Portuguese-American letters andlor studies are welcome, as well as original creative writing. All submissions should be accompanied by a self-addressed stamped envelope to: Editor, Gdvea-Brown Department of Portuguese and Brazilian Studies Box 0, Brown University Providence, RI. 02912 Cover by Rogerio Silva ~ GAVEA-BROWN Revista Bilingue de Letras e Estudos Luso-Americanos A Bilingual Journal ofPortuguese-American Letters and Studies Vols. XV-XVI Jan. 1994-Dec.1995 SU~R10ICONTENTS ArtigoS/Essays The Portuguese-language Press in California: The Response to American Politics, 1880-1928 ........................................... 05 Geoffrey Gomes Salazar of Portugal: Forgotten Fascist ............................................. 91 Jose Rodrigues Migueis Um Homem Sorri it Morte ............................................. :................. 95 Taborda de Vasconcelos Reading History's Silent Passages - Azorean Stories ..................... 108 Katherine Vaz DbiriolDiary Diary of Catherine Green Hickling, 1786-1788 ............................. 117 Introduction by Henrique de Aguiar Oliveira Rodrigues Text PoesialPoetry Aqui nao tern sabia ............................................................................ 258 Marcolino Candeias Na Beira do Rio Providence ............................................................ 260 Marcus Freitas Dais poemas .................................................................................... 262 Joiio LUlS de Medeiros Dais poemas .................................................................................... 264 Eduardo Bettencourt Pinto Recensoes CriticaslReviews Manuel Andrade e Sousa, Catherine of Bragan~a: Princess ofPortugal, Wife to Charles II ..................................................... 266 Timothy J. Coates "Saudade". A video directed by Bela Feldman-Bianco, 1991............................................................................................... 269 David Monks ARTIGOSIESSAYS The Portuguese-Language Press in California: The Response to American Politics 1880-1928 Geoffrey L. Gomes Preface The history of the Portuguese-language press in Califor­ nia has thus far escaped systematic analysis. Although several works have referred in passing to Portuguese-language newspa­ pers in California and have provided sketchy (and often errone­ ous) information on their origins and early history, none has dealt exclusively with this subject. The paucity of research on California's Portuguese-language press may be due to the un­ availability, until recently, of extensive and readily accessible collections of primary sources. It may be, also, that would-be chroniclers of the Portuguese-American experience have failed to appreciate the significant role of the foreign-language press in the history and development of immigrant communities in the United States. That role has been summarized as follows: The foreign-Ianguage ... newspapers supplemented the education offered in the schools and exercised consid­ erable influence upon theirreaders. Next to the church 6 GEOFFREY GOMES and the school they served as the single most important social and educational institution... The newspapers helped develop a sense ofgroup pride and group aware­ ness among people who may never before have thought of anyone as "kin" who did not live in the same village. In addition, some helped the foreigner adjust to the United States. They instructed their readers about reg­ istering to vote, taking out citizenship papers, and con­ forming to the proper American modes ofbehavior...The newspapers also kept readers informed about events in their native lands and tried in numerous ways to pre­ serve involvement with, and love of, the old country. 1 The present study is not intended as a comprehensive his­ tory or evaluation of the Portuguese-language press in Califor­ nia. Instead, adopting the proposition that foreign language news­ papers were "the instruments through which the immigrants learned to interpret the issues and events of the larger American society,"z it focuses on the treatment of American political is­ sues and expressions of editorial opinion on those issues. Fur­ ther, the study has been limited to the period 1880-1928. There are legitimate historical reasons for restricting the study to this time frame. First, the year 1880 marks the appearance ofthe first Portuguese-language newspaper in California, an obvious start­ ing point. Second, as a terminal date, 1928 marks the end of a political era in American history. Third, 1880-1928 was a period of intensive journalistic activity within the Portuguese commu­ nity in California. During that halfcentury, no fewer than twenty Portuguese-language publications were founded.3 Analyzing the treatment of American political issues in the Portuguese-language press of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not without its problems. First, the Por­ tuguese-language papers of the period often devoted more space to the political life of Portugal than to that of the United States. This was not unexpected in a press whose readership was com­ THE PORTUGUESE-LANGUAGE PRESS IN CALIFORNIA: THE RESPONSE 7 TO AMERICAN POUTICS 1880-1928 prised almost exclusively ofimmigrants. As a consequence, how­ ever, the treatment of American politics was neither systematic nor comprehensive. Some political issues were given consider­ able attention; others were ignored altogether. Also, the atten­ tion given to politics varied widely, not only from paper to paper but within the same paper at different times. Second, the Portu­ guese-language press of the period, as was often the case in the English-language press, did not restrict expressions ofopinion to those pages reserved for editorial comment. Editorializing in news stories was common. Therefore, it was necessary to re­ view not only those writings designated as editorials or commen­ taries but to examine, as well, news items on political or quasi­ political events. Third, in several cases there are no extant cop­ ies of some of the Portuguese-language papers of the period, or there are too few to make any judgments concerning their edito­ rial policies. Regarding sources, I have relied heavily on the holdings ofthe J. A. Freitas Library in San Leandro, California. The Freitas Library is maintained by the Uniao Portuguesa do Estado da California (U.P.E.C.), a Portuguese-American fraternal society. It has, by far, the most extensive collection of Portuguese-lan­ guage newspapers published in California. Less extensive but very useful, for they fill some of the gaps in the Freitas collec­ tion, are the holdings of the University of California at Berkeley, divided between the Main (Doe) Library and the Bancroft Li­ brary. Collateral collections, in each case of only one publica­ tion, are held by the California State University Library, Hayward, and the California State Library in Sacramento. These, too, fill gaps in the more extensive collections. Finally, a word on orthography. The spellings of some newspaper titles will vary in the text and in the notes because of orthographic reforms implemented after the papers were founded. The spellings of personal names, however, will follow contem­ porary Portuguese orthography throughout. The definite articles o and A (The), which appear in most newspaper titles, will fre­ 8 GEOFFREY GOMES quently be omitted in the text to avoid obvious redundancies. Also, all translations from the Portuguese are by the author, who assumes responsibility for any dificiencies. Notes 1 Leonard Jitinnerstein, Roger L. Nichols, and David M. Reimers, Natives and Strangers: Ethnic Groups in the Building of America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 172-173. 2 Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1951), p. 180. 3A number of Portuguese-language papers were published during the period under consideration of which no copies have been located. Information on these is scant and, of necessity, derived from secondary sources of question­ able accuracy. THE PORTUGUESE-LANGUAGE PRESS IN CALIFORNIA: THE RESPONSE 9 TO AMERICAN POLITICS 1880-1928 I. The Early Portuguese-Language Press In California: A Review There is universal agreement that the first Portuguese­ language newspaper in California was A Voz Portugueza, a weekly published in San Francisco in the 1880s. Beyond that, however, there has been some confusion about the identity of the paper's founder and the date of its appearance. On these two points, much of the secondary literature has been in error. The most serious and persistent error has been in crediting the founding of the Voz Portugueza to Antonio Maria Vicente in 1884. 1 Surviv­ ing issues ofthe paper clearly identify a Brazilian named Manuel Stone as owner and editor and indicate that the paper was founded in 1880. Indeed,