Systematic Review of the Literature on Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in sport and physical recreation Conducted for Sporting Equals and the Sports Councils by the Carnegie Research Institute, Leeds Metropolitan University Jonathan Long, Kevin Hylton, Karl Spracklen, Aarti Ratna and Stephen Bailey Carnegie Research Institute Carnegie Hall Headingley Campus Leeds LS6 3QS February 2009 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... IV 1. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT ...................................................................................................................1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE ..........................................................................................................................................1 POLICY CONTEXT.................................................................................................................................................2 RACE RELATIONS AND PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES........................................................................................................4 THE REVIEW AND THIS REPORT .............................................................................................................................6 2. POLICIES, DEMOGRAPHICS AND DIFFERENCE ...........................................................................................8 ETHNICITY AND DIFFERENCE.................................................................................................................................8 CHANGING DEMOGRAPHICS ...........................................................................................................................10 POPULATION PROJECTIONS...............................................................................................................................11 RELIGION ............................................................................................................................................................14 POLICIES FOR RACIAL EQUALITY IN SPORT ........................................................................................................15 DRIVERS..............................................................................................................................................................16 INCLUSION ..........................................................................................................................................................17 FROM POLICY FORMULATION TO IMPLEMENTATION .........................................................................................18 3. EXPERIENCE AND ATTITUDES .....................................................................................................................21 PATTERNS OF PARTICIPATION .............................................................................................................................21 THE ACTIVE PEOPLE SURVEY ..............................................................................................................................24 GENDER .............................................................................................................................................................25 DISABILITY ...........................................................................................................................................................25 AGE....................................................................................................................................................................26 INCOME AND CLASS..........................................................................................................................................27 OTHER INVOLVEMENT IN SPORT .........................................................................................................................27 CLUB MEMBERSHIP.............................................................................................................................................27 COACHING........................................................................................................................................................28 SPECIFIC SPORTS ................................................................................................................................................28 YOUTH SPORT .....................................................................................................................................................28 SPECTATING AND ADMINISTRATION...................................................................................................................28 EXPERIENCES OF SPORT AND ATTITUDES TO PARTICIPATION .............................................................................29 MORE SPORT? ...................................................................................................................................................29 SATISFACTION WITH SPORTS PROVISION ............................................................................................................29 RACISMS.............................................................................................................................................................30 EXPERIENCING SPORT AND RECREATION ..........................................................................................................30 GENDER AND INTERSECTIONALITY......................................................................................................................32 4. BARRIERS AND SUPPORT ...........................................................................................................................34 MATERIAL RESOURCES .......................................................................................................................................34 THE BARRIER OF RACISM....................................................................................................................................35 ETHICS AND EQUALITY........................................................................................................................................37 DENIAL AND INVISIBILITY OF RACISM .................................................................................................................38 RESISTING RACISM..............................................................................................................................................39 CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ...................................................................................................................................39 SUPPORTING PARTICIPATION .............................................................................................................................41 5. DELIVERY ...................................................................................................................................................44 THE SPORTS LABOUR FORCE ..............................................................................................................................44 PROVISION FOR WHOM? ..................................................................................................................................45 6. GOOD PRACTICE AND IMPACT ...............................................................................................................48 SPORTS DEVELOPMENT AND COACHING; ........................................................................................................48 ADMINISTRATION................................................................................................................................................51 TACKLING RACISM.............................................................................................................................................52 PROMOTING RACIAL EQUALITY .........................................................................................................................53 7. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................................................56 THE NATURE OF THE LITERATURE .........................................................................................................................56 CHANGE AND VARIATION.................................................................................................................................57 DIFFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................................57 NON-PARTICIPATION .........................................................................................................................................58 EXCLUSION AND RACISMS .................................................................................................................................58 APPROPRIATE PROVISION?................................................................................................................................59 8. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................62 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR POLICY ....................................................................................................................62 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE ................................................................................................................63