Clinical and Developmental Immunology The Immunology of Zoonotic Infections Guest Editors: Georgios Pappas, Antonio Cascio, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales The Immunology of Zoonotic Infections Clinical and Developmental Immunology The Immunology of Zoonotic Infections Guest Editors: Georgios Pappas, Antonio Cascio, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales Copyright © 2012 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Clinical and Developmental Immunology.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board B. D. Akanmori, Ghana David Kaplan, USA C. D. Pauza, USA R. Baughman, USA W. Kast, USA Berent Prakken, The Netherlands Stuart Berzins, Australia Taro Kawai, Japan Nima Rezaei, Iran Bengt Bjorksten, Sweden Michael H. Kershaw, Australia Clelia M. Riera, Argentina K. Blaser, Switzerland Hiroshi Kiyono, Japan Luigina Romani, Italy Federico Bussolino, Italy Shigeo Koido, Japan B. T. Rouse, USA Nitya G. Chakraborty, USA Guido Kroemer, France Aurelia Rughetti, Italy Robert B. Clark, USA H. Kim Lyerly, USA Takami Sato, USA Mario Clerici, Italy Enrico Maggi, Italy Senthamil R. Selvan, USA Edward P. Cohen, USA Stuart Mannering, Australia Naohiro Seo, Japan Robert E. Cone, USA Giuseppe V. Masucci, Sweden E. M. Shevach, USA Nathalie Cools, Belgium Eiji Matsuura, Japan S. Sozzani, Italy Mark J. Dobrzanski, USA C. J. M. Melief, The Netherlands George B. Stefano, USA Nejat Egilmez, USA Jiri Mestecky, USA Trina J. Stewart, Australia Eyad Elkord, UK C. Morimoto, Japan Helen Su, USA Steven Eric Finkelstein, USA Hiroshi Nakajima, Japan Jacek Tabarkiewicz, Poland Bernhard Fleischer, Germany Tetsuya Nakatsura, Japan Ban-Hock Toh, Australia Richard L. Gallo, USA T. Nakayama, Japan J. F. Urban, USA Luca Gattinoni, USA Hans Nijman, The Netherlands Yvette Van Kooyk, The Netherlands David E. Gilham, UK Paola Nistico, Italy Y. Yoshikai, Japan Ronald B. Herberman, USA Graham Ogg, UK Qiang Zhang, USA D. Craig Hooper, USA G. Opdenakker, Belgium H. Inoko, Japan Ira Pastan, USA Contents The Immunology of Zoonotic Infections, Georgios Pappas, Antonio Cascio, and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales Volume 2012, Article ID 208508, 2 pages Antigen-Specific T Cells and Cytokines Detection as Useful Tool for Understanding Immunity against Zoonotic Infections, Annalisa Agnone, Alessandra Torina, Gesualdo Vesco, Sara Villari, Fabrizio Vitale, Santo Caracappa, Marco Pio La Manna, Francesco Dieli, and Guido Sireci Volume 2012, Article ID 768789, 8 pages Serum Cytokine Profile by ELISA in Patients with Echinococcal Cysts of the Liver: A Stage-Specific Approach to Assess Their Biological Activity, Luca Piccoli, Valeria Meroni, Francesca Genco, Francesca Tamarozzi, Carmine Tinelli, Carlo Filice, and Enrico Brunetti Volume 2012, Article ID 483935, 5 pages Characterization of Outer Membrane Vesicles from Brucella melitensis and Protection Induced in Mice, Eric Daniel Avila-Calderon,´ Ahide´ Lopez-Merino, Neeta Jain, Humberto Peralta, Edgar Oliver Lopez-Villegas,´ Nammalwar Sriranganathan, Stephen M. Boyle, Sharon Witonsky, and Araceli Contreras-Rodr´ıguez Volume 2012, Article ID 352493, 13 pages Immunology and Immunodiagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis: An Update, Wenbao Zhang, Hao Wen, Jun Li, Renyong Lin, and Donald P. McManus Volume 2012, Article ID 101895, 10 pages Immune Modulation in Primary Vaccinia virus Zoonotic Human Infections, Juliana Assis Silva Gomes, Fernanda Fortes de Araujo,´ Giliane de Souza Trindade, Barbara´ Resende Quinan, Betaniaˆ Paiva Drumond, Jaqueline Maria Siqueira Ferreira, Bruno Eduardo Fernandes Mota, Maur´ıcio Lacerda Nogueira, Erna Geessien Kroon, Jonatasˆ Santos Abrahao,˜ Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira,ˆ and Flavio´ Guimaraes˜ da Fonseca Volume 2012, Article ID 974067, 11 pages Host Susceptibility to Brucella abortus Infection Is More Pronounced in IFN-γ knockout than IL-12/β2-Microglobulin Double-Deficient Mice,AnaPaulaM.S.Brandao,˜ Fernanda S. Oliveira, Natalia B. Carvalho, Leda Q. Vieira, Vasco Azevedo, Gilson C. Macedo, and Sergio C. Oliveira Volume 2012, Article ID 589494, 7 pages Characterization of Chronic Cutaneous Lesions from TNF-Receptor-1-Deficient Mice Infected by Leishmania major, Carolina Ferreira Oliveira, Daniel Manzoni-de-Almeida, Paula Seixas Mello, Caio Cotta Natale, Helton da Costa Santiago, Lu´ıza da Silva Miranda, Fernanda Oliveira Ferraz, Liliane Martins dos Santos, Mauro Martins Teixeira, Rosa Maria Esteves Arantes, and Leda Quercia Vieira Volume 2012, Article ID 865708, 12 pages Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-1 and -2 Play No Role in Controlling Brucella abortus InfectioninMice, Fernanda S. Oliveira, Natalia B. Carvalho, Dario S. Zamboni, and Sergio C. Oliveira Volume 2012, Article ID 861426, 5 pages Bartonella Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts: Immunology of Vascular Infection and Vasoproliferation, Mosepele Mosepele, Dana Mazo, and Jennifer Cohn Volume 2012, Article ID 612809, 5 pages Immunogenetic Factors Associated with Severe Respiratory Illness Caused by Zoonotic H1N1 and H5N1 Influenza Viruses, Jennifer Juno, Keith R. Fowke, and Yoav Keynan Volume 2012, Article ID 797180, 9 pages Host-Parasite Relationship in Cystic Echinococcosis: An Evolving Story, Alessandra Siracusano, Federica Delunardo, Antonella Teggi, and Elena Ortona Volume 2012, Article ID 639362, 12 pages Host Cell Autophagy in Immune Response to Zoonotic Infections, Panagiotis Skendros and Ioannis Mitroulis Volume 2012, Article ID 910525, 9 pages New Insight into Immunity and Immunopathology of Rickettsial Diseases, Pasquale Mansueto, Giustina Vitale, Antonio Cascio, Aurelio Seidita, Ilenia Pepe, Antonio Carroccio, Salvatore di Rosa, Giovam Battista Rini, Enrico Cillari, and David H. Walker Volume 2012, Article ID 967852, 26 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Clinical and Developmental Immunology Volume 2012, Article ID 208508, 2 pages doi:10.1155/2012/208508 Editorial The Immunology of Zoonotic Infections Georgios Pappas,1, 2 Antonio Cascio,2, 3 and Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales2, 4, 5 1 Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, 45333 Ioannina, Greece 2 Working Group on Zoonoses, International Society of Chemotherapy, UK 3 Tropical and Parasitological Diseases Unit, Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy 4 Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Luis Razetti Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela 5 Infection and Immunity Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica´ de Pereira, 660001 Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia Correspondence should be addressed to Georgios Pappas, [email protected] Received 20 November 2011; Accepted 20 November 2011 Copyright © 2012 Georgios Pappas et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Zoonotic infections are in general defined as infections trans- The paper by P. Skendros and I. Mitroulis focuses on another mitted from animal to man (and less frequently vice versa), specific and increasingly recognized as important part of either directly (through contact or contact with animal zoonotic pathophysiology, that of autophagic response in products) or indirectly (through an intermediate vector as an certain intracellular zoonoses, outlining how this autophagic arthropod or an insect) [1]. Although the burden of zoonotic machinery can be exploited by zoonotic pathogens, typically infections worldwide is major, both in terms of immediate culminating in chronic infections. and long-term morbidity and mortality [2, 3] and in terms Our ability to understand pathogenetic mechanisms in of emergence/reemergence and socioeconomical, ecological, the subcellular level has greatly evolved in recent years, and political correlations [4], scientific and public health and the paper by P. Mansueto et al. demonstrates how interest and funding for these diseases remain relatively this progress has allowed us to extensively understand the minor. intracellular interactions observed in rickettsial infections, Zoonoses include diseases induced by diverse pathogens a group of zoonoses that includes diverse pathogens with (bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites), but a common certain common characteristics. The paper by C. F. Oliveira pattern for the majority of them is their complexity: this term et al. is one of the papers in this special issue attempting refers not only to their ecology, range of clinical characteris- to translate theoretical knowledge in experimental data: the tics, and diagnostic and therapeutic challenges, but foremost authors demonstrate in a mice model how a particular to their immunology. In fact, all other ecological, clinical, cytokine receptor deficiency induces a specific default in diagnostic and therapeutic complexities emerge from this immunity against Leishmania major that results in specific multifaceted zoonotic pathophysiology, as certain papers of clinical manifestations. this special issue outline. Other three papers all deal with the immunology of The paper by A. Agnone et al. in the present special cystic echinococcosis (CE), a worldwide prevalent parasitic issue underlines the complexity, as well as the derived ther- zoonosis with major public health burden: the paper by apeutic