Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to museum conservation • number 2 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press BiocolonizationA Chronology of Stone:of MiddleControl Missouri and Preventive Plains VillageMethods Sites Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series By CraigEdited M. Johnsonby withA. Elenacontributions Charola, by Stanley ChristopherA. Ahler, Herbert Haas,McNamara, and Georges Bonani and Robert J. Koestler SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines. General requirements for manuscript preparation are on the inside back cover of printed volumes. For detailed submissions require- ments and to review the “Manuscript Preparation and Style Guide for Authors,” visit the Submissions page at www.scholarlypress.si.edu. smithsonian contributions to museum conservation • number 2 Biocolonization of Stone: Control and Preventive Methods Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series Edited by A. Elena Charola, Christopher McNamara, and Robert J. Koestler WASHINGTON D.C. 2011 ABSTRACT Charola, A. Elena, Christopher McNamara, and Robert J. Koestler, editors. Biocolonization of Stone: Control and Pre- ventative Methods, Proceedings from the MCI Workshop Series. Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation, number 2, 116 pages, 87 figures, 5 tables, 2011. — The Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute Workshop on Biocol- onization of Stone was the second workshop in a series and was dedicated to research on removal and control of biocolo- nization in stone objects. Twelve presentations were made, and the workshop ended with a roundtable discussion open to the 71 attendees. The goal was to provide a discussion forum for biologists, material scientists, and conservators interested in stone biodeterioration. Seven papers were presented, ranging from microbiological laboratory studies to combination of on-site testing and laboratory evaluation for World Heritage Sites such as Angkor Wat, to a literature overview. Five case studies were also presented, covering control of biodeterioration at Veterans Affairs cemeteries, experience gathered from the installation of zinc strips at the Stanford Mausoleum in San Francisco, the red staining found on the marble of the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery, problems posed by deer stones in Mongolia, and the site test installed at San Ignacio Miní Jesuit mission in Misiones, Argentina. The roundtable and discussions drew attention to the importance of exploring new methods to prevent microbial colonization of stone. Finally, in a closed session, suggestions were offered for developing criteria to evaluate microbial growth and determine when treatment is necessary. It was recom- mended that a database be prepared on stone biocolonization and its control. Cover images, from left to right: Details of Figure 5b by Warscheid and Leisen and Figure 1b by Delgado et al.; Figure 8 by DePriest and Beaubein. Published by SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION SCHOLARLY PRESS P.O. Box 37012 MRC 957 Washington, D.C. 20013-7012 www.scholarlypress.si.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute Workshop on Biocolonization of Stone: Control and Preventive Methods (Washington, D.C. : 2009) Biocolonization of stone : control and preventive methods : proceedings from the MCI workshop series / edited by A. Elena Charola, Christopher McNamara, and Robert J. Koestler. p. cm. — (Smithsonian contributions to museum conservation, ISSN 1949-2359 ; no. 2) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Museum conservation methods—Congresses. 2. Stone—Biodegradation—Congresses. 3. Microbiologically influenced corrosion—Congresses. 4. Cleaning—Environmental aspects—Congresses. 5. Museums—Collection man- agement—Congresses. I. Charola, A. Elena. II. McNamara, Christopher J. III. Koestler, Robert J. (Robert John), 1950– IV. Museum Conservation Institute. V. Title. AM145.S648 2009 069'.53—dc22 2010052916 ISSN (print): 1949-2359 ISSN (online): 1949-2367 ∞ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48–1992. Contents Preface vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii Microbiological Studies on Stone Deterioration and Development of Conservation Measures at Angkor Wat 1 Thomas Warscheid, LBW Bioconsult, Wiefelstede, Germany Hans Leisen, Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Cologne, Germany Microbial Community Diversity and the Complexity of Preserving Cultural Heritage 19 M. Carmen Portillo, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, Seville, Spain Juan M. Gonzalez, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, Seville, Spain Characterization of Bacterial Colonization of Stone at Global and Local Scales 29 Christopher McNamara, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Nick R. Konkol, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Brandon P. Ross, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Ralph Mitchell, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Methods to Prevent Biocolonization and Recolonization: An Overview of Current Research for Architectural and Archaeological Heritage 37 Ornella Salvadori, Soprintendenza Speciale per il Polo Museale Veneziano, Venice, Italy A. Elena Charola, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, Maryland iv • SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO MUSEUM conservation New Environmentally Friendly Approaches against Biodeterioration of Outdoor Cultural Heritage 51 Francesca Cappitelli, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Federica Villa, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Claudia Sorlini, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy Bioremediation of Algal Contamination on Stone 59 Eric May, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Dania Zamarreño, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Sarah Hotchkiss, Cybercolloids, Carrigaline, Ireland Julian Mitchell, School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Robert Inkpen, Department of Geography, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK Recolonization of Marble Sculptures in a Garden Environment 71 José Delgado Rodrigues, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal Marta Vale Anjos, Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Lisbon, Portugal A. Elena Charola, World Monuments Fund-Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal Case Study: Red Staining on Marble 87 Claire Gervais, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, Maryland Carol Grissom, Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute, Suitland, Maryland Christopher McNamara, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Nick R. Konkol, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Ralph Mitchell, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Case Study: Biocontrol Testing at the San Ignacio Miní Jesuit- Guaraní Mission, Misiones, Argentina 91 Marcelo L. Magadán, Magadán y Asociados, Buenos Aires, Argentina Gisela M. A. Korth, Magadán y Asociados, Buenos Aires, Argentina Marcela L. Cedrola, Granado-Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil A. Elena Charola, Buenos Aires, Argentina José L. Pozzobon, Programa Misiones Jesuíticas de la Provincia de Misiones, Misiones, Argentina number 2 • v Case Study: Comparative Study of Commercially Available Cleaners for Use on Marble Veterans Affairs Headstones 99 Jason Church, National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, Natchitoches, Louisiana Mary Striegel, National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, Natchitoches, Louisiana Christopher McNamara, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts Kristen Bearce Lee, Harvard School