Landmarks Preservation Commission 2007, Designation List 397 LP- 2231 GILLETT-TYLER HOUSE, 103 Circle Road, a.k.a. 103 The Circle, Staten Island. Built c.1846, Re-constructed 1931, Additions 1932 and 1986-93. Landmark Site: Borough of Staten Island Tax Map Block 866, Lot 377 (Tentative Lot 377, approved April 4, 2007) On April 10, 2007, the Landmarks Preservation Commission held a public hearing on the proposed designation as a Landmark of the Gillett-Tyler House, 103 Circle Road, and the proposed designation of the related Landmark Site (Item No. 9). The hearing had been duly advertised in accordance with the provisions of law. Six speakers including a representative of the owner of the building and representatives of the Preservation League of Staten Island, Historic Districts Council, the Municipal Arts Society, the Metropolitan Chapter of the Victorian Society in America, and the West Brighton Restoration Society testified in favor of the designation. There were no speakers in opposition to the designation. The Commission has received a letter in support of the designation from the Rego-Forest Preservation Council. Summary The Gillett-Tyler house is significant for its architectural design, for its association with an important period of American history, and for its association with three significant persons. Picturesquely sited on Todt Hill, this impressive Greek-Revival-style mansion is a fine example of the early-nineteenth-century frame buildings that were constructed in New York, New England and throughout the country. Originally built in Enfield, Massachusetts around 1846 for Daniel B. Gillett, this two-story house was reconstructed in Staten Island in 1931, when the buildings in the Swift River Valley were moved or razed to allow for the creation of the Quabbin Reservoir in western Massachusetts. Charles A. Wade, a builder from Dorset, Vermont, took advantage of the interest in colonial and early-nineteenth-century American history that flourished in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as well as the inexpensive building supply of the Swift River Valley, and offered to find authentic New England houses and move them to the locations of the buyers’ choice. Wade was commissioned to relocate this building to Todt Hill on Staten Island, situated among large, newly constructed homes and nineteenth-century country estates, to serve as the home of Walter A. Tyler, an executive of the L.A. Dreyfus chewing-gum-base manufacturer. The over-200-mile move is testament to the deep interest in colonial and early American history at the time, and the perceived value of its architecture. The two-story, simple box-form house has a slate-shingled, low-pitched, hipped roof, a subordinate, one-and- a-half story wing, and historic six-over-six, double-hung windows. Bold, Greek- Revival-style, classically-inspired decorative details include its emphasized cornice line with wide divided bands of trim, two-story, vernacular Doric pilasters, and the fluted Ionic columns and sidelights flanking the door at the recessed entry porch. In the 1950s, the house and property were sold to Horace P. Moulton, vice president and general counsel of AT&T and his wife Gretta, a champion of Staten Island’s Greenbelt parkland. The building remains in use as a private residence. DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS Todt Hill The Gillett-Tyler House is located at 103 Circle Road on Todt Hill, historically known as “Yserberg” or “Iron Hill,” the highest of the chain of serpentine hills that extends through the center of the island from Upper New York Bay. Mainly located in the neighborhood of Dongan Hills, the summit of the hill at 409.8 feet is said to be the highest natural point on the eastern seaboard from Maine to Florida. The hill is roughly bounded by the Staten Island Expressway to the north, Richmond Road (one of the earliest roads on the island) to the east, Moravian Cemetery to the south, and the Staten Island Greenbelt to the west.1 Geographically, Todt Hill was formed by the “terminal moraine,” or maximum advance point of a 17,000 year-old glacier. The high points of Brooklyn, Queens and some parts of New Jersey were formed by the same moraine.2 Todt Hill Road provides the main access to the hill, running from Richmond Road (south) to Victory Boulevard (north),3 and, besides other smaller streets, is intersected by Four Corners Road, which runs east to Richmond Road. The Dutch name “Yserberg” or “Iron Hill” was used by the early settlers due to the rich resources of Limonite iron ore, found in the serpentine rock that was mined on the southern end of the hill as early as 1644.4 Although officially called “Todt” Hill today, the origin of the name, said to be from later than the Revolution, is disputed. “One view derives the name from a [deadly] encounter there between the Dutch and the Indians, making it equivalent to Death Hill; another, published in 1856, derives the name ‘Toad,’ [rather than ‘Todt’] from a trivial social incident [involving an amphibian]; while a third, which seems the most probable, relates the name Todt or dead to an early use of the hill as a burying place,”5 the seventeenth-century Dutch Moravian Cemetery. The existence of Prehistoric Native American sites on Todt Hill is indicated by several chert (stone) artifacts in the collections of the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences.6 The first theory on the derivation of the name “Todt” also alludes to the presence of Native Americans in the area, although it is unclear if an actual campsite existed there. In the 1687, Governor Dongan granted 5,100 acres of land, including most of the land on the hill, to John Palmer as part of the extensive Iron Hill patent, and, as the name suggests, iron ore was mined there by early settlers.7 In the mid-nineteenth-century, Todt Hill, like other picturesque settings on Staten Island, became the location of country homes on large estates, owned by wealthy businessmen and professionals who wished “to enjoy the scenery of the country, without removing too far from active [city] life.”8 Henry B. Cromwell, owner of Cromwell Shipping Lines, and his wife, Sarah Seaman Cromwell, purchased a country estate with nineteen acres of land on Todt Hill in February of 1862.9 Their son, George Cromwell, became an attorney and the first borough president of Staten Island, serving five terms from 1898 until 1914. “A pioneer of the social-planning school of government,” as borough president, Cromwell was “best remembered [for his campaigns] to improve the condition of Staten Island and to make plans for its future development.”10 While he was in office, Staten Island’s village halls were consolidated and the new Borough Hall (a designated New York City Landmark) was constructed in 1904-6, as part of Cromwell’s plan for a grand Civic Center at the entry point to the borough. Built at a cost of $750,000, it was “the most expensive building constructed by the city in those years.”11 Consistent with his vision that Staten Island’s population would grow, Cromwell invested extensively in real estate in Dongan Hills. By 1907, in addition to the family estate inherited from his parents, Cromwell owned over 200 acres of land on Todt Hill.12 He began selling off acreage of the property for development in the early twentieth century, including the site of the Gillett-Tyler house, and “many beautiful homes were built in the vicinity.”13 A contemporary of George Cromwell, architect Ernest Flagg was [also] “continuously engaged in an aggressive campaign of land acquisition from 1897 when he purchased his first parcel of land on Staten Island, until his death a half-century later.”14 By the mid-1940s, his estate on Todt Hill contained over 300 acres of land. Similar to that of Cromwell, the Flagg estate was eventually subdivided and sold off for the continued development of the large homes that cover Todt Hill today. The vacant site of the house was purchased by Carolyn R. A. Tyler from Herbert C. and Marie Louise Frederichs in December of 1930. Frederichs had purchased the property a year earlier from George Cromwell, who had begun to subdivide his property on Todt Hill for development. Easements on the deeds restricted the type, size, setbacks and cost of any improvements to be built on the site, allowing for the continued use of the 2 private road (Circle Road) by the new owner, for the installation and maintenance of utilities by Cromwell, and the construction of a full, two-story, one-family residence costing not less than $20,000.15 Enfield, Massachusetts16 Enfield was located in the eastern part of Hampshire County, in the Connecticut River Valley of western Massachusetts on the former hunting grounds of the Nipmuck Indians. The area was first settled by Europeans around 1730 and given the Indian name “Quabbin,” meaning “many waters,” which foreshadows its later fate. Incorporated in 1816 and named for Robert Field, an early settler, both the east and west branches of the Swift River ran through the town. While agriculture was always an important part of the small rural community’s economy, it was Enfield’s location on the Swift River that helped to make it a prominent milling center and the most prosperous of the valley towns. The east branch of the river was dammed for milling prior to 1770 and two major manufacturing companies operated there for most of the nineteenth century. The small town’s population was directly affected by the mills’ production,17 starting at just below 900 in 1820, reaching its peak at 1,936 persons in 1855 – when the mills produced their largest output – and then slowly declining from just over 1,000 in 1860 until the town’s dissolution.18 The Athol branch of the railroad came to Enfield in 1872, connecting the town to Springfield and Northampton; however, the new mode of transportation’s effect on the mills was short- lived and manufacturing began to decline after the 1870s.