i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page 1 — #1 i i i i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page i — #2 i i i JOURNAL OF BANGLADESH STUDIES (ISSN 1529-0905) Volume 20, Number 2, 2018 - Published in October 2020 Editor in Chief Syed Saad Andaleeb, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor Emeritus Pennsylvania State University Former Vice Chancellor, BRAC University Dhaka, Bangladesh Editorial Board Members Ahrar Ahmad, Ph.D. Farida Khan, Ph.D. Gyantapas Abdur Razzaq Bidyapeeth Dept. of Economics Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Colorado, Colorado, USA Sadiq Ahmed, Ph.D. Munir Quddus, Ph.D. Policy Research Institute College of Business Dhaka, Bangladesh Prairie View A&M University, Texas. USA Ashraf Ali, D.Sc. Bangladesh Development Initiative Bellevue, Washington, USA Associate Editors (Interim) Kazi Iqbal, Ph.D. Sukomal Modak, Ph.D. Bangladesh Inst. of Dev. Studies (BIDS) Bangladesh Development Initiative (BDI) Dhaka, Bangladesh Pleasanton, California, USA Halimur Khan, Ph.D. Navine Murshid, Ph.D. Professional Development Center Dept. of Political Science BRAC University, Dhaka Colgate University, New York, USA Typography and Graphics Sukomal Modak, Ph.D. Partha Modak Bangladesh Development Initiative (BDI) Modak Green Technologies Ltd. Pleasanton, California, USA Dhaka, Bangladesh Cover Design Adnan Z. Morshed, Ph.D. Professor, Catholic University of America Washington DC, USA i i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page ii — #3 i i i JOURNAL OF BANGLADESH STUDIES (ISSN 1529-0905) Volume 20, Number 2, 2018 - Published in October 2020 Journal of Bangladesh Studies (JBS) Editorial Advisory Board Manzoor Ahmed Wahiduddin Mahmud Senior Adviser, Institute of Educational Development Professor of Economics BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh Sajeda Amin Tazeen Murshid Senior Associate University of Brussels & Population Council, New York University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Debapriya Bhattacharya Hossain Zillur Rahman Distinguished Fellow Executive Chairman, Power and Participation Center for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Bangladesh Research Centre (PPRC), Dhaka, Bangladesh Saleemul Haque Saifur Rahman Senior Fellow, International Institute for Environment & Joseph R. Loring Professor & Director Development, United Kingdom Virginia Tech Advanced Research Institute, USA Rounaq Jahan Salim Rashid Distinguished Fellow Professor Emeritus (Economics) Center for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Bangladesh University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Haider A. Khan Ali Riaz Professor of Economics Professor and Chair, Department of Politics and University of Denver, Colorado, USA Government, Illinois State University, USA Zillur R. Khan Yana Rogers Professor Emeritus Professor & Director of Women and Gender Studies University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, USA Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA Habibul H. Khondker Zaidi Sattar Professor, Humanities and Social Sciences Chairperson Zayed University, Abu Dhabi Policy Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh Sufian A. Khondker Sanchita Saxena Director & Department Manager, Water Resources Associate Director, Center for South Asian Studies Engineering Dewberry Engineers Inc, New York, USA University of California, Berkeley, USA David Lewis Forhad Shilpi Professor, Department of Social Policy Senior Economist London School of Economics, United Kingdom The World Bank, Washington D.C., USA S. Akhter Mahmood Rehman Sobhan Lead Investment Policy Officer Chairperson The World Bank, Washington D.C., USA Center for Policy Dialogue, Dhaka, Bangladesh ii i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page iii — #4 i i i JOURNAL OF BANGLADESH STUDIES (ISSN 1529-0905) Volume 20, Number 2, 2018 - Published in October 2020 Partners of Journal of Bangladesh Studies (JBS) American Institute of Bangladesh Studies www.aibs.net Policy Research Institute www.pri-bd.org BRAC University, Bangladesh www.bracu.ac.bd Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA www.pvamu.edu University of Liberal Arts, Bangladesh www.ulab.edu.bd iii i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page iv — #5 i i i i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page v — #6 i i i CONTENTS From the Editor Syed Saad Andaleeb ............................ viii From the Special Editor Ahmed Badruzzaman, Farida C. Khan ...................... x Bangladesh Environment Movement: Achievements and Challenges Nazrul Islam .............................. 1 1 Introduction..............................1 2 Theory Behind the Environment Movement..........................2 3 Environment Movement: Formation and Achievements........................2 4 Scope of the Environment Movement..............................4 5 Salient Features of the Environment Movement and It’s Broader Significance..........................5 5.1 Salient Features of the Environment Movement.......................5 5.2 Broader Significance of the Environment Movement in Bangladesh...........................6 6 BEN Activities Abroad..........................6 6.1 BEN Campaigns..........................7 6.2 Different Chapters of BEN......................7 6.3 Other BEN Activities........................7 6.4 BEN Expert Panels.........................7 7 Policy Related Challenges Faced by Bangladesh Environment Movement..............................8 8 Implementation Challenges Faced by Bangladesh Environment Movement..............................8 8.1 Policy Implementation Cycle.....................8 8.2 Problematic Implementation......................9 8.3 Reasons for Poor Implementation of Pro-environment Policies.......... 10 8.4 Problem of Non-tangibility of Many Environmental Problems and Objectives.......................... 11 8.5 Problems of Philosophy, Approach, and Material Interests........................ 12 8.5.1 Cordon approach to rivers: . 12 v i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page vi — #7 i i i 8.5.2 Urbanization strategy and the dual role of Rajuk14 ................. 12 8.5.3 Transportation strategy based on the private car model . 13 9 Ways to Overcome the Implementation Problems......................... 14 10 Role of Environment Movement in Overcoming Implementation Problems......... 15 11 Challenges of the Future.......................... 15 12 The Way Forward............................ 16 References................................ 19 Endangered Delta and the People’s Movement for Its Survival Sharif Jamil ............................... 21 1 Introduction.............................. 21 2 Existential Threats to Rivers and Wetlands........................... 22 3 Pollution and Water Quality Issues............................. 25 4 People’s Movements........................... 26 5 Conclusion.............................. 27 References................................ 28 A Critical Look at the Environmental Impact Assessment for Rampal Power Plant Wahida I. Rashid ............................. 32 1 Introduction.............................. 32 2 What is an EIA?............................ 32 3 Background of Rampal Project EIA Processing............................. 33 4 Key Elements of an EIA.......................... 33 5 Rampal Project and EIA Preparation............................ 33 6 Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plans................................ 39 7 Conclusion.............................. 39 References................................ 40 Underlying Causes of Early Floods in the Haor Region Md. Khalequzzaman ............................ 41 1 Introduction.............................. 41 2 Analysis Methodology, Results and Discussion.......................... 42 3 Decline in Water Carrying Capacity and Increase in Flood........................ 46 4 Reduction in Land Elevations with Respect to Riverbeds and the Mean Sea Level........................... 48 5 Conclusions and Recommendations............................ 49 References................................ 50 vi i i i i i “JBS-20-02” — 2020/12/9 — 20:20 — page vii — #8 i i i Sedimentation Rates Versus Sea-Level Rise at the Bangladesh Coast Dipen Bhattacharya ............................ 52 1 Delta Building Process.......................... 52 2 Effect of Sea-level Rise: A Simulation............................. 54 3 Need to Reassess Sedimentation Rates........................... 56 4 Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100........................ 58 5 Conclusion.............................. 59 References................................ 59 Bangladesh Energy/Climate Nexus Part I Quest for Energy Fix and a Trailblazing Rural/Household Energy Sector Ahmed Badruzzaman ........................... 62 1 Introduction.............................. 62 2 Bangladesh Dual Energy Sectors....................... 63 3 Bangladesh’s Energy Journey: A survey............................... 64 3.1 History of Rural/household Energy Sector.......................... 64 3.2 History of the Urban/Industrial/ Commercial Energy Sector...................... 64 4 Current State of Bangladesh Energy-Generation Options......................... 66 4.1 Urban/Industrial/Commercial Sector: An Overview.............. 66 4.2 Rural/Household Sector....................... 66 4.2.1 Clean Cooking Program . 66 4.2.2 Rural Electrification . 67 5 Generic Challenges of Rural Electrification........................... 70 6 Rural/household Sector: Room for Integrated Small Energy Systems?............................... 71 7 Climate Mitigation and Adaptation in Rural Bangladesh.............................. 72 8 Lessons for the Future?.......................... 73 9 Summary............................... 74 References...............................