Lecture 10: Geology, Natural Theology, and Time 1. Introduction Romanticism, Thermodynamics, and Evolution Geology, Stahl, Lavoisier, Goethe, and Thomson 2. Earth Theories in the 17th Century Genesis and James Ussher William Burnet: rational mechanism and Biblical theory Athanasius Kircher: earth’s circulatory system Nicolaus Steno: tongue stones, fossils, and strata Robert Hooke: fossils and earthquakes 3. Geological Puzzles Geology and theology Origins of rocks Volcanoes, earthquakes, and recent activity Fossils: did God make mistakes? 4. Earth Theories in the 18th Century Neptunism: Abraham Werner Vulcanists: Anton-Lazzaro Moro and William Hamilton Geology and natural theology Geology as a local science James Hutton: earth as an endlessly cycling machine 5. Geology, Industrialization, and Society Coal Canals Geological Maps: William Smith Geological Society of London Stratigraphy and the age of the earth 6. Uniformitarianism and Thermodynamics Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology Charles Darwin, as geologist Lyell and uniformity of state Sedgwick, Thomson, and the directional universe Further Reading: Stephen Jay Gould, Time’s Arrow, Time’s Cycle: Myth and Metaphor in the Discovery of Geological Time, 1987 Martin J.S. Rudwick, The Great Devonian Controversy: The Shaping of Science among Gentlemanly Specialists, 1985. Names and Dates: James Ussher (1581-1656), 23 October 4004 BC Nicolaus Steno (1638-1686), Dissertation Concerning a Solid Body Enclosed by Process of Nature Within a Solid (1669) Thomas Burnet (1636-1715), Sacred Theory of the Earth (1681) Athanasius Kircher (1602-1680), Mundus Subterraneus (1665) Anton-Lazzaro Moro (1687-1764), De’Crostacei e degli altri marini corpi che si truovano su’monti (1740) William Hamilton (1730-1803), Campi Phlregraei: Observations on the Volacnoes of the Two Sicilies (1776) Abraham Gottlob Werner (1750-1817) Neptunism vs. Vulcanism James Hutton (1726-1797), “Theory of the Earth” (1788) Geological Society of London, 1807 William Smith (1769-1839), Geological Map of England and Wales (1815) Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Principles of Geology (1830-1833) Catastrophism vs. Uniformitarianism Adam Sedgwick (1785-1873) Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) .