Inter-ethnic and demic-group variations in craniofacial anthropometry: a review Jilani, Shelina Khalid; Ugail, Hassan; Logan, Andrew Published in: PSM Biological Research Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in ResearchOnline Citation for published version (Harvard): Jilani, SK, Ugail, H & Logan, A 2018, 'Inter-ethnic and demic-group variations in craniofacial anthropometry: a review', PSM Biological Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6-16. <https://journals.psmpublishers.org/index.php/biolres/article/view/225> General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please view our takedown policy at https://edshare.gcu.ac.uk/id/eprint/5179 for details of how to contact us. Download date: 23. Sep. 2021 Biological Research ISSN: 2517-9586 – An International Peer-reviewed Journal Review Article 2019 │Volume 4│Issue 1│6-16 Inter-Ethnic and Demic-Group Variations in Craniofacial Article Info Anthropometry: A Review Open Access Citation: Jilani, S.K., Ugail, H., Shelina Khalid Jilani1*, Hassan Ugail1, Andrew Logan2 Logan, A., 2019. Inter-Ethnic and Demic-Group Variations in 1 Craniofacial Anthropometry: A University of Bradford, School of Engineering and Informatics, Centre of Visual Computing, Review. PSM Biol. Res., 4(1): 6-16. Richmond Building, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP. United Kingdom, (UK). 2 University of Bradford, School of Optometry and Vision Science, Richmond Building, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP. United Kingdom, (UK). Received: September 13, 2018 Accepted: October 14, 2018 Abstract Craniofacial anthropometry plays an important role in facial structure. This review paper Online first: October 15, 2018 evaluates existing research surrounding population norms of studied facial parameters. The purpose is two-fold: (1) to determine variations in facial measurements due to demi-group or Published: October 20, 2018 ethnic variations based on traditional (direct) caliper based and image based (indirect) anthropometric methods. (2) to compare where possible, measured facial parameters *Corresponding author: between referenced studies. Inter and intra-population variations in addition to sexual Shelina Khalid Jilani; Email: [email protected] dimorphism of facial parameters such as the nose and eyes, singularly or in combination with one another, have been concluded. Ocular measurements have exhibited ethnic variations between males and females of the Saudi, Turkish, Egyptian and Iranian group. Moreover, Copyright: © 2018 PSM. This is demic variations are reported when the native language has been used a key criterion. It has an open access article distributed been concluded that with the current state of migration and inter-demic marriages, the study under the terms of the Creative of homogenous populations will prove difficult. Subsequently, this will result in ambiguous Commons Attribution-Non physical traits that are not representative for any one demic or ethnic population. In this paper, Commercial 4.0 International results for the following adult male and female populations have been discussed: African License. American, Azerbaijani, Caribbean, Chinese, Croatian, Egyptian, Italian, Iranian, Turkish, Saudi Arabian, Syrian and South African. The qualitative research presented serves as a knowledge base for learners and strikes up thought provoking concepts about the direction anthropometrical research is heading. Keywords: Face, craniofacial, anthropometry, population data, demic-group, ethnicity. Scan QR code to see this publication on your mobile device. 6 PSM Biological Research | https://journals.psmpublishers.org/index.php/biolres Biological Research 2019; 4(1): 6-16 INTRODUCTION grouping. Racial categorisation has been an important foundation for human identification for many years. For many years, ancestral and demic-group However, the history of categorising humans into categorisation has been an important foundation for human subspecies based on anthropometry is mixed. Hence, the identification in a variety of disciplines. Numerous efforts continued struggle with the complexity of the concepts of have been made to amalgamate the use of craniofacial race and ethnicity (Afshari and Bhopal, 2002). Moreover, anthropometry and physical characteristics to correlate with the total number of distinct races has not yet been ancestral and demic-group of humans. Craniometric definitively established. studies are readily being used to evaluate populations for Based on consensus, the term “demic” is considered to phenotypic variations. This review paper aims to evaluate imply a geographical and genetic determination of a given existing literature on facial data surrounding population population, whereas the definition of “ethnicity” appears to norms, of researched measurements in craniofacial be more subjective (Science and Nature). It is important to anthropometry. The focus of this paper centres on keep in mind that both the definition and parameters within ancestral and demic-group traits as explored variables, which “demic” and “ethnicity” are used may also be context which have significant influencing power on craniofacial dependent (Ali-Khan et al., 2011). Hence, the generalised anthropometry and consequently impact facial architecture. definition of demic incorporates the physical characteristics The review qualitatively summarises evidence on the topic of an individual, whereas ethnicity denotes the cultural of ancestry and demic-groups within the discipline of aspects of an individual‟s identity, such as nationality. craniofacial anthropometry and provides a direction for However, it must be noted that while our review future study. explores demic and ethnic groups as variables which have Craniofacial measurements are one of the mainstays significant influencing powers on craniofacial of anthropological research and are used to establish an anthropometry, we do not provide our stand on the debate understanding of variations within the human face. The of defining the terms. Each of the study discussed as part origins of anthropometry, in the context of human of this reviews provides a varied explanation of the terms. identification, initially resided in pseudoscientific methods It must also be noted that the word “gender” is a social (Gowland and Thompson 2013). This was driven by an construct and can be perceived as subjective. While the interest in criminology - with an assumed connection use of the word “gender” is dependent on personal between physical appearance and moral character preference, the use of the word “sex” is an objective (Wolfgang 1961; Twine, 2002). th definition that allows the biological separation between In the 17 century, the boundaries for demic males and females (Lorber and Farrell 1991). Hence, the classification were pinned on physiological characteristics, word “sex” is used throughout the paper. which broadly became an objective way to classify humanity (Stuurman, 2000). It was François Bernier who Anthropometry: A Direct Approach proposed the use of “racial” groups as a basis of human Anthropometry offers a scientific foundation for identification with his four categories: Europeans, Far evaluating the dimensions and proportions of the body Easterners, Lapps and Blacks (Bernier, 1684; Burgman, (Burnett, 2000). Craniofacial anthropometry is a 2010). Work was later expanded upon by the introduction subcategory that comprises measurements and of facial profile angle measurements (Camper, 1792; proportions of the head and the face (Kolar and Salter, Haller, 1971). 1997). This practice facilitates the characterisation and The motivation for this review is to provide a quantification of phenotypic variations: an observable and knowledge base for learners who are organising the wealth measureable trait produced because of specific gene of anthropometric information and its applications across expression (Nature). disciplines. The paper focuses on traditional Traditionally, researchers have employed calipers as anthropometric methods, which require the use of calipers, well as 2-dimensional photogrammetry to obtain facial data. sliding gauges and measuring tape. Research published by More recently, 3-dimensional laser scanning and digital 3- Farkas et al., (2005) has been used as a benchmark that dimensional photogrammetry have been used (Li et al., provides a comparison, where possible, of measured facial 2016). However, there does not appear to be a gold parameters. A non-invasive method of data collection is standard when it comes to collecting accurate and reliable also discussed such as photo-anthropometry, with an aim data, it appears to be dependent on the researcher‟s to highlight the inter-ethnic and racial variations amongst criteria. facial data for human adults. Race and Ethnicity Nasal Parameters According to historians, the emergence of the term Milgrim et al. (1996) reported significant differences in „race‟ was in 1606 (Lieberman, 1975) and it is since then, nasal breadth measurements in individuals of different that researchers began to create categories for human demic-groups. Subjects were separated according to their 7 Biological Research 2019; 4(1): 6-16 geographic area of origin: Central