An Ethnobotany of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: Plant Uses of the Ojibwa People Final Report April 2009 Paper birch John M. Schoeneker & University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point White cedar © State of Michigan Sweetgrass © Blackfoot Native by Plant Nursery Rebecca S. Toupal, Principal Investigator Kacy Hollenback Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona An Ethnobotany of Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore: Plant Uses of the Ojibwa People Final Report Prepared by Rebecca S. Toupal and Kacy Hollenback Prepared for The National Park Service Cooperative Agreement Number H1200050003 R.S. Toupal, Principal Investigator Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721 April 30, 2009 Table of Contents Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 1 Research Summary .......................................................................................................... 1 Summary of Findings....................................................................................................... 2 Future Research Needs .................................................................................................... 13 Chapter One: Study Overview............................................................................................... 14 Geographic and Cultural Focus of the Research.............................................................. 15 Project Scope and Methodology ...................................................................................... 17 Research Team................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter Two: Ojibway Ethnobotanical Knowledge.............................................................. 19 Chapter Three: An Ojibway Ethnobotanical Catalog: Grasses, Forbs, Shrubs, and Trees.... 23 Chapter Four: An Ojibway Ethnobotanical Catalog: Mosses, Lichens, and Fungi...............297 Chapter Five: Fire: Unnatural Disturbance, Ecological Process, or Management Tool .......331 Fire Behavior and Effects ................................................................................................331 Indian Burning .................................................................................................................334 Management Potential .....................................................................................................338 Chapter Six: Summary and Future Research.........................................................................341 References Cited ....................................................................................................................343 Appendix A: Ojibway Traditional Use Species by Use.........................................................417 Plants for Agricultural Purposes Plants used for Smoking Plants used for Ceremonial Purposes Plants with Mythic Roles Plants considered Sacred Plants used as Food Plants used as Medicine Plants used for Utilitarian Purposes Plants used for Crafts Plants used for Dye Plants used for Clothing Plants used as Trade Items Plants used as Charms Plants for Other or Unspecified Uses Appendix B: Ojibway Traditional Use Species by Survey/Management Unit......................468 Miller Woods Traditional Use Plants Tolleston Dunes Traditional Use Plants West Beach Traditional Use Plants Bailly Traditional Use Plants Dune Acres Traditional Use Plants Dune State Park Area Traditional Use Plants Old Visitor Center area Traditional Use Plants Keiser Unit Traditional Use Plants Tamarack Unit Traditional Use Plants Heron Rookery Traditional Use Plants Hoosier Prairie Traditional Use Plants Pinhook Bog Traditional Use Plants i Tables Table ES1. Percentage use category by park survey unit. ..................................................... 2 Table ES2. Ojibway traditional use plants identified in the literature................................... 3 Table 1. Number and percent of traditional plants for Indiana Dunes survey units. ............. 23 Table 2. Number of previously documented Ojibway traditional use species ...................... 24 Figures Figure 1. Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore comprises a fragmented area at the south end of Lake Michigan ........................................................................................................ 14 Figure 2. The tribes of Michigan ........................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. The tribes of Wisconsin.......................................................................................... 16 Figure 4. Miller Woods.......................................................................................................... 24 Figure 5. West Beach............................................................................................................. 24 Figure 6. Howes Prairie ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 7. Pinhook Bog ........................................................................................................... 25 Figure 8. Indian burning in the U. S. from initial occupation through the 19th century .......335 ii Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore Ethnobotany Executive Summary Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (INDU) was established at the south end of Lake Michigan on November 5, 1966 “to preserve for the educational, inspirational, and recreational use of the public certain portions of the Indiana dunes and other areas of scenic, scientific, and historic interest and recreational value” (P.L. 89-761, 89th Congress, 80 Stat 1309). The combination of sand dunes and diverse native flora in such close proximity to several urban areas provided the impetus for protection of the area. Subsequent amendments to the original authorizing legislation in 1976, 1980, 1986, and 1992 increased the park’s acreage to over 15,000 acres including 2,182 acres in Indiana Dunes State Park that are managed by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. The management of INDU includes consideration of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (as amended), the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, and various statutes, executive orders, and National Park Service (NPS) policies and guidelines. The NPS, consequently, strives to be responsive to the concerns of contemporary traditionally associated people including American Indian and non-Indian groups. To do so effectively, the agency needs a deeper understanding of how these groups value the natural and cultural resources within INDU boundaries. This report on Ojibway ethnobotany builds on the previous Miami-Potawatomi baseline ethnobotany (Toupal, Banks, and Carroll 2006) by providing additional traditional plant use data to further the agency’s understanding of traditionally associated groups’ relationship to the Indiana Dunes landscape. Research Summary As a supplement to the Miami-Potawatomi report, this study focused on Ojibway traditional uses. It was intended to include fieldwork with traditionally associated Ojibway groups, however, the one group who expressed interest in participating, Saginaw Chippewa, experienced internal miscommunications and elections that eventually precluded their participation. Other Ojibway groups either were not interested in participating, or not traveling the distance to the park, which averaged 350 miles. This report, consequently, is based on previously documented sources that include several original ethnographic works (e.g. Densmore (1928), Gilmore (1933), Smith (1932)). As a result of consultation with the NPS Key Official for the project, the report includes, in lieu of primary field data, a fire management chapter and fire response data for some species. As outlined in the Scope of Work, the final report includes a detailed plant catalog, descriptions of traditionally associated Ojibway groups, and future data needs. 1 Summary of Findings The Ojibway people continue to use plant species found in INDU in traditional ways (Zedeño et al. 2000, 2001). Plant knowledge is not given lightly and Ojibway groups today are concerned about the fate of information they share (Saginaw Chippewa 2007). Traditional uses by the Ojibway were found for 487 species (33.3%) of the park’s 1,462 plants (Table ES1). As a supplement to the Miami-Potawatomi ethnobotany, this study found additional uses for 318 species and added 10 species. The total traditional use species documented by both reports is 983 (67.2%) of the park’s 1,462 species. Of the 487 species (Table ES2), 90% are native. Many of the introduced species with traditional uses have been here since the early settlement period, and were introduced purposefully in the 17th and 18th centuries, and shared with the tribes on occasion (Josselyn 1674). The primary traditional uses of the 50 introduced species are medicinal and as charms. Other/unspecified, food, utility, smoking, ceremonial, craft, agriculture, and dye are the other use categories found for these species. Of the 487 traditional use species, 53 have a special status: threatened (10), endangered (8), extirpated (2), rare (11), locally rare (18), and watch list (1). Of these species, 31 have one to two uses, 10 have three to four uses, seven have five to six uses, four have seven to eight uses, and one has 13 uses (Thuja occidentalis). Tables