TAXON: Kalanchoe delagoensis SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Kalanchoe delagoensis Family: Crassulaceae Common Name(s): chandelier plant Synonym(s): Bryophyllum delagoense (Eckl. & BryophyllumZeyh.) Schinz tubiflorum Harv. Bryophyllum verticillatum (Scott- KalanchoeElliot) A. Berger tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.- KalanchoeHamet verticillata Scott-Elliot Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 7 Aug 2015 WRA Score: 19.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Succulent, Agricultural Weed, Environmental Weed, Toxic, Plantlets-forming Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 7 Aug 2015 (Kalanchoe delagoensis) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Kalanchoe delagoensis SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 7 Aug 2015 (Kalanchoe delagoensis) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Kalanchoe delagoensis SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - No evidence New York 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2015. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) "Native: [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources AFRICA Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar" grin.gov/. [Accessed 6 Aug 2015] 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. 2015. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.ars- grin.gov/. [Accessed 6 Aug 2015] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes Dave's Garden. 2015. Chandelier Plant, Mother of "Hardiness: Thousands Kalanchoe delagoensis. USDA Zone 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/595/. [Accessed 6 USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) Aug 2015] USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F)" Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University "in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed sites" of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. Creation Date: 7 Aug 2015 (Kalanchoe delagoensis) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Kalanchoe delagoensis SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent "Madagascar; open wooded grasslands, rocky slopes, on sandy or Plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - rocky ground; cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics." New York Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes "This is an easily growing and, due to the abundantly produced Eggli, U. (ed.). 2003. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent bulbiIs, rapidly propagated plant. It is frequently encountered Plants: Crassulaceae. Springer-Verlag, Berlin - Heidelberg - naturalized in warm climate. [n most of the literature and almost New York throughout cultivation, this taxon is still found under the later synonym K. tubiflora." Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second "widely cultivated in the tropics." Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico 301 Naturalized beyond native range y Source(s) Notes "Bryophyllum delagoense (Fig. 270, 271) is endemic to Madagascar, occurring mainly in the central and southern regions, where it is commonly found in open wooded grasslands, rocky slopes, and on sandy or rocky ground (Descoings, 2003). It is naturalised in many Walters, M., Figueiredo, E., Crouch, N.R., Winter, P.J.D., countries with warmer climates possibly including every country in Smith, G.F., Zimmermann, H.G., & Mashope, B.K. (eds.). southern Africa and also in southern Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, 2011. Naturalised and Invasive Succulents of Southern New Zealand, southern USA and Hawaii, West Indies, northern South Africa, ABC Taxa Volume 11. BTC, Brussels America and Macaronesia" ... "In South Africa, where it was introduced as a garden ornamental (Wells 1986) around 1765 (Witt et al., 2004; Witt & Nongogo, 2010), it is naturalised in all 9 provinces (Fig. 272)." Liogier, A.H. & Martorell, L.F. 2000. Flora of Puerto Rico "Cultivated and escaped, becoming a weed in dry regions, Puerto and adjacent islands: a systematic synopsis. Second Rico" Edition Revised. La Editorial, UPR, San Juan, Puerto Rico "in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry, disturbed sites on Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Kaua'i, O'ahu, Lana'i, Maui, and Hawai'i, cultivated and perhaps the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University naturalized on some of the other main islands. Naturalized prior to of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 1930 (St. John, 1973a)." 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 7 Aug 2015 (Kalanchoe delagoensis) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Kalanchoe delagoensis SCORE: 19.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer [Environmental and agricultural weed] "K. delagoensis is an aggressive weed with a high invasive potential. It is present in pastures, grasslands, open woodlands and disturbed land in CABI, 2015. Kalanchoe delagoensis. In: Invasive Species subtropical, tropical and warmer temperate regions. In Australia, it is Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. a serious pest because it is highly poisonous to cattle (Mckenzie et www.cabi.org/isc al., 1987; Queensland Government, 2011). Batianoff et al. (2002) ranked it as the third most serious invasive naturalized plant in southeast Queensland." 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed y Source(s) Notes "B. delagoense very poisonous to livestock and humans and almost BioNET-EAFRINE. 2011. Bryophyllum delagoense (Mother- certainly also to wildlife. Cattle deaths resulting from ingestion of of-millions). this species are quite common in Queensland, Australia. This species http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/ commonly invades rangelands and pastures, replacing grasses and weeds/Media/Html/Bryophyllum_delagoense_ legumes, and can significantly reduce the productivity of these %28Mother-of-millions%29.htm. [Accessed 7 Aug 2015] areas." "K. delagoensis is very poisonous to livestock and humans.