M IMPLEMENTS ERS Bjiirn Mothander Finn Kjzrby Kjell Havnevik Scandinavian Institute of African Studies FARM IMPLEMENTS FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN TANZANIA Bjorn Mothander Finn Kjzrby Kjell Havnevik Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala 1989 ISBN 91-7106-290-4 O The authors and Nordiska afi-ikainstitutet, 1989 Pi-inted in Sweden by Motala Grafiska, Motala 1989 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Abbreviations 7 Preface 9 Introduction 13 Chapter 1 TYPES OF FARM IMPLEMENTS USED IN TANZANIA 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Description of Common Factory-Made Hand Implements Used in Tanzania 1.3 Description of Factory-Made Ox-Drawn Implements Used in Tanzania 1.3.1 The Ox-Plough 1.3.2 The Ox-Drawn Ridger 1.3.3 The Ox-Drawn Cultivator 1.3.4 Harrows and Planters 1.4 Village Visits 1.4.1 Introduction and Methodology 1.4.2 Main Conclusions from Village Visits 1.4.3 The Impact of the Farm Implements Shortage on Productivity 1.4.4 Summary of Household Tool Inventory and Requirements and the General Supply Situation 1.5 Ox-Mechanization Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW FARM IMPLEMENTS 7 3 2.1 Approaches to Technology Introduction 73 2.2 Selective Priorities for Implements and Designs to Improve Likelihood of Adoption 77 2.3 New Hand Implements for Cultivation 79 2.4 Ox-Drawn Equipment 80 2.5 Simple Post-Harvesting Equipment 83 2.6 Research, Testing and Extension 86 2.6.1 Introduction 86 2,6.2 CAMERTEC, Arusha 88 2.6.3 CAMERTEC1s Potential Role in the Introduction and Extention of the Improved Farm Implements 98 2.6.4 Uyole Agricultural Centre, Mbeya 101 2.6.5 The Regional Oxenization Project, Iringa 103 2.6.6 Kilimo Extension Service, Ox-Training Centres and the Shinyanga RIDEP Extension Approach 106 2.7 Conclusion Chapter 3 DEMAND ESTIMATES 3.1 Hand Implements 3.2 The Demand for Ox-Ploughs 3.3 The Supply and Requirements for Plough Spare Parts 3.4 The Potential for Ox-Ploughing in the Next Decade 3.5 The Demand for Ridgers, Cultivators and Harrows 3.6 The Demand for Ox-Carts 3.6.1 Background 3.6.2 The Present Demand for Ox-Carts 3.6.3 Some Notes on the Relationship between Design and Demand for Ox-Carts Chapter 4 LOCAL PRODUCTION AND REPAIR FACILITIES FOR FARM IMPLEMENTS AND OX-CARTS 4.1 Blacksmiths 4.2 Support Programmes 4.3 Conclusion 4.4 Outline of Raw Material Support Programme 4.5 Ox-Cart Manufacturing 4.6 Support for Local Manufacturing of Ox-Carts Chapter 5 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF FARM IMPLEMENTS 5.1 Small-Scale Industrial Production 5.1.1 Production Units within the SIDO Industrial Estates 5.1.2 MAFOTCO, Moshi 5.1.3 Themi Farm Implements and Engineering CO Ltd 5.1.4 Other Small-Scale Industrial Units 5.2 Medium-Scale Production 5.2.1 The MEIDA "capacity-identifying" Exercise 5.2.2 Cotex Metals and Machinery Ltd 5.2.3 Manufacture of Post-Harvesting Equipment 5.3 Large-Scale Production 5.3.1 Ubungo Farm Implements Company (UFI) 5.3.2 Zana za Kilimo Ltd, Mbeya (ZZK) 5.3.3 Mwanza Farm Implements Factory 5.3.4 Mangula Mechanical and Machine Tools Company (MMT) Chapter 6 DISTRIBUTION OF FARM IMPLEMENTS IN TANZANIA 186 6.1 The Distribution System 186 6.2 Distortions in the RTC Distribution System 188 6.3 Stock Position in October 1983 191 6.4 The Tanganyika Farmers' Association (TFA) 194 6.5 Credit and Prices 196 6.6 Future Distribution System 198 List of References 201 Appendix 1 Agricultural Policy of Tanzania Appendix 2 Rapid Rural Appraisal Survey Methodology 209 Appendix 3 Some Notes on the Costs of Importation List of Tables Table 1.1 Basic Rural Household Tool Inventory Table 1.2 List of Imported or Domestically Man- ufactured Common Types of Factory- Made Farm Implements Used in Tanza- nia Table 1.3 Overview of Farmers Interviews Table 3.1 NIDC demand figures, hand implements, 197 3 Table 3.2 TISCO demand figures, hand imple- ments, 1980 Table 3.3 UFI supply, hand implements 1979.- 1983 Table 3.4 RTC requirements, hand implements 1983/84 Table 3.5 Annual demand estimate for hand im- plement S 19 84 Table 3.6 The Regional Plough Population for Different Periods, as Given by Dif- ferent Surveys and Estimates Table 3.7 The Present Demand for Ox-Ploughs (1984/85) Table 3.8 Regional Ox-Cart Population 1975-1983 and Estimated Demand for Ox-Carts 1984-1986 Table 4.1 UFI Regional Distribution of Raw Ma- terials for SIDO; June 1983-August 1983 Table 4.2 The Production of Ox-Carts, Wheel Barrows, Hand-Carts and Harrows from 8 Public and Private Manufacturers for the Years 1980-1983 Table 6.1 RTC Stock Position, Central Regional Godowns, October 1983 LISTOFABBREVIATIONS AATP Arusha Appropriate Technology Project ACCO Arusha Cutlery Company ADP Agricultural Development Project, Iringa Region AISCO Agricultural and Industrial Supplies Company Board of Internal Trade CAMARTEC Centre for Agricultural Mechanization and Rural Technology, Arusha CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi CFW Common Facilities Workshop at SIDO estates DAD0 District Agricultural Development Officer DANIDA Danish International Development Authority DMO District Mechanization Officer DPO District Planning Officer DSM Dar es Salaam EEC European Economic Community FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation FRG Federal Republic of Germany FSC Farmer Service Centers I BRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) International Development Association International Fund for Agricultural Development Kilimo Ministry of Agriculture Maji Ministry of Water MEIDA Metal Engineering Industries Development Association NAC National Allocation Committee NBC National Bank of Commerce NDC National Development Corporation NIDC National Industrial Development Corporation (an Indian consultancy organisation) NMC National Milling Corporation NORAD The Norwegian Aid Agency Oxfam A Private British Aid Organisation OTC Ox Training Centre Peoples Republic of China RADO Regional Agricultural Development Officer RCW Rural. Craft Workshop R and D Research and Development KDD Regional Development Director (presently Regional Executive Director) R/ E Round eyed RIDEP Regional Integrated Development Plan/Project RMO Regional Mechanization Officer R PO Regional Planning Officer RTC Regional Trading Corporation SAP Structural Adjustment Programme SEK Swedish kronor SIDA Swedish International Development Authority SIDO Small Industries Development Organisation Shs Tanzanian shillings TAMTU Tanzania Agricultural Machinery Testing Unit TC A Tanzania Cotton Authority TDFL Tanganyika Development and Finance Company Ltd TFA Tanganyika Farmers' Association TIB Tanzania Investment Bank TISCO Tanzania Industrial Studies and Consulting Organisation TRDB Tanzania Rural Development Bank TShs Tanzanian shillings TWICO Tanzania Wood Industries Company UAC Uyole Agricultural College (Mbeya) UF I Ubungo Farm Implements UK United Kingdom UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organisation URT United Republic of Tanzania USAID United States Aid Agency USD United States Dollars Zana za Kilimo Ltd (Mbeya) million thousand pound PREFACE In 1982, the Tanzanian Government approached the Swe- dish Government with a request for support to the Tan- zanian agricultural implements industry. There was a general consensus that this was an area where donor support would be useful. Numerous studies had been undertaken on the agrictural implements situation in the country. However, these studies were either theoretical in nature or concerned with specialized aspects. In particular there was a lack of knowledge of the peasants' own perception of requirements of implements. With the aim of assisting the Tanzanian Government to obtain more information on the actual situation in this sub-sector of the economy, and as a basis for Swedish support, SIDA decided to commission a study to look into the types of implements in use, their usage, the demand for different types, the distribution system and the production and importa- tion of farm implements. During the early 1980's Tanzania had undergone a com- plete "re-planning" exercise, which resulted in the Structural Ad justment Programme of June, 1982. The renewed emphasis on the agricultural sector revealed that there were knowledge gaps as to the constraints and potentialities of this sector. In particular it was found that the lack of empirical data gave rise to a number of very different opinions, e.g. on the size of the national demand for various farm implements. Part of the work carried out by the study group consis- ted of a compilation of previous studies and planning documents of relevance. A list of the most important reports is given in the list of references. However, many of these studies complain about the scarcity of actual field data to support assumptions made. It was therefore felt that the investigation, although its basic purpose was to propose a workable strategy for SIDA support (and not a study with scientific aspira- tions), would have to be based on actual field data. One of the ways to achieve this was to include in the team people with adequate experience of peasant condi- tions in Tanzania. The other way was to include a field assessment of matters of importance. These field trips, although extensive, did not allow the forming of any scientifically based conclusions, but were rather a way of contrasting study findings and previous experiences of the team members with conditions in various parts of the country. We would like to use the term "rapid rural appraisal" methodology for the field work. More details on the methodology are found in Appendix 2. The result of the work of the study group was a de- scription of the agricultural implements sub-sector, based on a grassroot perspective but yet attempting to give a comprehensive picture. The data obtained refer to the mid-1983 situation. It was later acknowledged that this descriptive mate- rial turned out to be of interest also to people con- cerned with agricultural and industrial development in general.