Paper 8: Cargo Operations and Management Module 04: Types of Airlines & Cargo Air crafts THE DEVELOPMENT TEAM Principal Investigator Prof. S. P. Bansal Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari Co-Principal Investigator Dr. Prashant K. Gautam Director, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh Paper Coordinator Prof. S. P. Bansal Vice Chancellor, Indira Gandhi University, Rewari Paper Co-Coordinator Dr. Amit Katoch Assistant Professor, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh Content Writer Dr. Amit Katoch Assistant Professor, UIHTM, Panjab University, Chandigarh Content Reviewer Prof. S. Kabia Chairman, Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi ITEMS DESCRIPTION OF MODULE Subject Name Tourism & Hospitality Paper Name Cargo Operations and Management Module No. 04 Module Title Types of Airlines & Cargo Air crafts Objectives To have understanding of airlines and types of cargo aircrafts Keywords History of airliners, transatlantic services, jet airliner, airline business models, cargo aircrafts. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcome 2. Introduction 3. History of Airliners 4. The Transatlantic Services 5. The jet airliner 6. Airline Business Models 7. Aircraft and Freighter Fleets 8. Summary QUADRANT I 1. Learning outcome of module After completing this module, the students will be able to learn about: • History of Airliners • The Transatlantic Services • The jet airliner • Airline Business Models • Types of cargo aircraft • Aircraft and Freighter Fleets http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Airplanes/Wright_Airplane_images/Model%20B/Atwood_in_Model_B.jpg 2. Introduction Aeroplane has changed the world. The time when first aeroplane started flying, the concept behind it was totally unbelievable, that how a heavy object can fly in the sky. Before that this idea was just illogical. In today’s time aeroplanes are carrying millions of people and tons of material daily with fast speed that helps saving the time. https://www.ohiohistory.org/getmedia/a695a6d5-2652-4d9a-90b7-99ed04374aa4/Parmalee Many entrepreneurs tried to commercialize the air flights which would lead to the birth of this air freight industry very quickly. If we talk about the first actual air freight shipping it took place in November, 1910; it was department store from Ohio who shipped silk bolt from Dayton to Columbus. This was first time when aeroplane competed with express train and the winning result was very clear. It is true that first shipment consignment was more of testing then commercial trade. The shipping companies realized in very early time that they have got powerful equipment. Quick service and far distance covered in shorter period of time was what air freight industry gave to the customer. http://www.aerofiles.com/stear-natparks.jpg Post some years, delivery through air stayed more unusual, but September 1927 was the month when it all changed with first air cargo delivered by National Air Transport, from Dallas to New York. After that air freight quickly touched the sky in terms of business. If we talk about figures, in 1927 air freight weighed in about 46,000; but in 1929 it crossed 257,000 pounds of weigh. Important fact about air freight is that till that time it survived as air transportation only. The cargo-only air freight industry was not really flourished until the Second World War. The first air freight only flight was took to the sky by united airlines in 1940 which helped in delivering mail from New York to Chicago and return. The air freight industry grew quickly after World War II. All-freight services were growing up, along commercial airlines. In 1949 many such airlines were licensed by the civil aeronautics board. Not only were the “big boys” like commercial airlines getting more heavily involved in the business, but. The Civil Aeronautics Board licensed four such airlines in 1949, rest small pilots and airlines delivered goods in backwaters of U.S during that period. Simultaneously air freight was growing in the other regions also. In today’s time of globalization air freight has become crucial. There was time when goods use to take weeks, to travel in different parts of world, now a day’s air freight operators delivers material from New York to Beijing; or the African bush, in just hours and days. 3. History of Airliners Figure- Douglas DC-3 http://www.aviation-history.com/douglas/dc3-3a.jpg 1931 – 1939 Till 1930 many airlines were flying in a great network of air-routes providing services in different parts of the world, such airlines were SWISSAIR, UNITED, Lufthansa, QANTAS, AMERICAN, TWA, VARIG, VASP, SABENA, Imperial Airways and KLM. Multi-engine aircraft replaced the old post-great war aircraft which was predominantly designed to carry good number of passengers and for airlines services. In 1930’s, first sleek metal with modern- look airliners came in the market. Douglas DC-3 was the most important airliner that came forward from Pre-World War 2. Figure- Savoia_Marchetti_S.73 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Savoia_Marchetti_S.73.jpg In 1938 – 1939 Many important airlines were introduced by Europe; one of them was the Savoia-Marchetti 73/83 airliners. But later on war resulted in bringing the American-made airliners in the airline market. Imperial Airways and Pan American Airways served in trans-oceanic services which used large flying boat airliners and showed hopeful signs of long-haul possibilities in 1930s. This helped in giving experience for the operations during wartime over Atlantic. Figure- AVRO 691 LANCASTRIAN C MK3 Transport Aircraft http://www.airpowerworld.info/transport-aircraft/avro-lancastrian.jpg 1940 – 1949 Air travel changed all over after World War 2 by introducing flying boat era vanishing as new land-operating aircrafts by the end of war. Large airbases having long concreted runway and large aprons were supplied excessively in whole world and importantly in Europe after the war. This resulted in land-based service of airlines naturally. Post world war many new airports were designed and they were very much close to the cities of Europe. For some time pre-war type were used on international service, while European routes mostly pressed ex-USAAF aircraft by the same time national aircraft industry of European countries were re-started. The gap between the design of modern civilian types and airlines introduction were filled by converted war planes. During urgent post-war time Yorks, Lancastrians and C-47s were used by airlines and when the war was ended in Europe these were used on Berlin Air Lift. New types were expected to be seen at Europe’s new airport by the end of 1940’s. Start of the BEA European state airline was experienced by Heathrow and Northolt; Viking and Ambassador were included in its new type. Along the extended range Lockheed's Constellation, Douglas DC6s and 7s and Boeing's Stratocruiser Tran-Atlantic services came of age along the Trans World Airways and Pan American World Airways flying regularly between London Heathrow and New York. 1950 - 1959 The first turbo-propeller airliners were launched and they were followed quite soon by the first jet airliners in 1950s. Beginning of jet’s faced tough time as it was a wrong start to ‘Jet – Age’ and also because of pressurization accidents. Figure- De Havilland DH-106 Comet 1 http://www.airliners.net/index/aircraft-types/De-Havilland-DH-106-Comet/De-Havilland-DH-106-Comet-1/4119/19227 May 2, 1952 on the London - Johannesburg route, the De Havilland Comet 1, came into the services and was the first jet airliner. BOAC flight which was ancient was followed by UAT Comet flights between Dakar and Paris, and Jo'burg were bought by South African to London service in rivalry with the services of BOAC. Comet 1 jets were flown on their Paris - Beirut service by air France and Comet 3 jets were ordered from De Havilland by Pan American. Three Comets lost during landing accidents resulted in very first comet crashes and it was because of genuine accident and thunderstorm resulted in the loss of another. The jet airliner was very handy pilots changing from the same old propeller style; just like all new aircraft types civil or military had. At that particular time on January 10th, 1954 BOAC Comet 1 broke-up during departure from Rome. On April 8th the doubtful thing behind this was firmed when a South African Airways Comet vanished at high altitude. This resulted in grounding the comet 1 jets permanently and metal fatigue around the window frames were found to be the cause of the cabin disintegrating. Figure- Boeing 707-120 https://simviation.com/hjg/aircraft1/boeing/b707-120/b707-120f_arca_colombia_1975_120f_hk1773.jpg Then later on comet 4 and Boeing 707-120 was introduced in 1958 which gave a tragic false start to the ‘Jet Age’, post one year DC8-30 was put into the service From 1955 Tu-104s was used by Aeroflot and from 1956 ‘test flights’ having new short-haul Caravelle jet were flown by Air France. BOAC comet 4 was the first jet service all over the north Atlantic started in October 1958, just after three weeks Boeing 707 was used by Pan American flying started its first operation in competition with BOAC. Tupolev Tu-104 'Camel' jets were the first sustained scheduled jet airline service which was started by Soviet Union's Aeroflot airline in 1955s summer time and was mainly for the internal routes. 1960 - 1969 All major airlines replaced their old piston engine types with new jet airlines which helped to increase the hold of ‘Jet Age’ during 1960s. Figure- Stratocruisers http://www.aviation-history.com/boeing/377-4a.jpg Old and historic DC7s, Stratocruisers, and Constellations were replaced by Boeing 707s, DC8s, Convair 880s and VC10s on long-Haul routes. The piston-twin types on short and medium-haul routes were replaced by Caravelles, Boeing 727s, DC9s, BAC111s and Tridents.