“ORDRE PUBLIC” AND MORALITY AS A BAR TO OBTAINING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Claire Saelens Student number: 19921720 Promoter: Prof. dr. Hendrik Vanhees Commissioner: Simon Geiregat A dissertation submitted to Ghent University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Law Academic year: 2017 - 2018 Preface Having obtained my degree as engineer in biotechnology, I started my career in a patent department of a biotech institute taking care of all administration related to patent filings and searching related to those patents. After a few years I started studying European patent law and finally obtained my qualification as European patent attorney before the European Patent Office. Later, I also qualified as a Belgian patent attorney. Driven by the question on how patent law fits into law in the broad sense, I started my law education at UGent, while working and running a family. It goes without saying that all of this could not have been done without the never-ceasing support of my husband and kids. Thank you, Hans, Myrthe and Kaat. Furthermore, I would also like to thank professor Vanhees and Simon Geiregat for giving me the opportunity to make an in-depth study of one aspect of intellectual property over different industrial property rights. Special thanks go to Mr Pieter Veeze of the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property, Mr Geert Boedt and Mr Nigel Clarke of the European Patent Office and Matthew Bryan of the World Intellectual Property Office, for providing more insights on practices of the respective offices as well as where to find relevant data relating to the topic of this thesis. Gent, May 2018. Claire Saelens I ABSTRACT Openbare orde en goede zeden als hinderpaal voor het bekomen van intellectuele eigendomsrechten De meesterproef is opgedeeld in 3 delen. met als opzet het vergelijken van de verschillende industriële eigendomsrechten. Eerst wordt nagegaan welke intellectuele eigendomsrechten een intellectuele eigendomstitel verhinderen wanneer dit recht de openbare orde en/of goede zeden schendt. Meer bepaald wordt er voor de verschillende industriële eigendomsrechten, i.e. merken, modellen, octrooien, kwekersrechten en geografische oorsprongsbenamingen, nagegaan i) wat dit recht inhoudt, ii) hoe openbare orde en goede zeden in dit recht worden geïnterpreteerd, en iii) hoe een aantal verlenende instanties toepassing maken van de regelgeving omtrent het weigeren van materie die indruist tegen openbare orde en/of goede zeden. Er wordt tevens getracht om een idee te krijgen van de aantallen aanvragen die geweigerd worden omdat ze indruisen tegen de openbare orde en/of goede zeden. Vervolgens volgt er een korte analyse van het nut van het al dan niet weigeren van bescherming via intellectuele eigendomsrechten van materie, zij het merken, modellen, octrooien, kwekersrechten en geografische oorsprongsbenamingen, die indruist tegen de openbare orde en/of goede zeden. Tenslotte worden de verschillende aspecten van bovenstaand onderzoek aan een analyse onderworpen. In de drie delen wordt er gebruik gemaakt van een extensieve bronnenstudie, die zowel wetgeving, rechtspraak als rechtsleer bevat, als van een kort empirisch onderzoek. Het blijkt dat een ethische afweging voorafgaand het toekennen van een industrieel eigendomsrecht anno 2018 nog steeds relevant is en ook toegepast wordt. De respectievelijke wetgevingen hebben een preventief effect en indien nodig werken ze ook regulerend, met als gezamenlijk en uiteindelijk doel het verhinderen van industriële eigendomsrechten die indruisen tegen de openbare orde of goede zeden. II TABLE OF CONTENTS “ORDRE PUBLIC” AND MORALITY AS A BAR TO OBTAINING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ... I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................................III ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................................................................................... VI INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 A. Context ........................................................................................................................... 1 B. Limitations of the research ............................................................................................ 3 PART I: THE INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ............................................................................... 4 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN THE CONTEXT OF ORDRE PUBLIC AND MORALITY OBJECTIONS ............................................................................................................... 4 INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS COMPRISING AN ETHICAL REFERENCE/CHECK............................................ 7 A. Trademarks .................................................................................................................... 8 I. What is a trademark? ................................................................................................ 8 II. The concepts public order/ordre public and morality in trademark registration . 9 III. Exception to registrability of a brand contrary to public order or morality ........ 11 a. Benelux Office for Intellectual Property (BOIP) ............................................... 17 1) Applications for registration at the BOIP ..................................................... 17 2) Refusals by the BOIP ..................................................................................... 18 b. World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) ....................................................... 20 1) Applications for registration at WIPO .......................................................... 20 2) Refusals by WIPO .......................................................................................... 21 c. European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) ..................................... 21 1) Applications for registration at EUIPO ......................................................... 21 2) Refusals by the EUIPO for reasons of public policy or morality .................. 26 IV. Conclusions relating to objections to registration of trademarks based on public policy or morality ............................................................................................................. 29 B. Industrial Designs ........................................................................................................ 32 I. What is an Industrial design? ................................................................................. 32 II. The concept public policy and morality in industrial designs .............................. 32 III. Exception to registrability of an industrial design contrary to public order or morality ............................................................................................................................ 35 a. Benelux Office of Intellectual Property (BOIP) ................................................. 39 1) Applications for registration at the BOIP ..................................................... 39 2) Refusals by the BOIP ..................................................................................... 40 b. World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) ....................................................... 42 1) Applications for registration at WIPO .......................................................... 42 2) Refusals by WIPO .......................................................................................... 42 c. European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) ..................................... 43 1) Applications for registration at EUIPO ......................................................... 43 2) Refusals by the EUIPO for reasons of public policy or morality .................. 43 III IV. Conclusions relating to objections to registration of designs based on public policy or morality ............................................................................................................. 45 C. Patents ......................................................................................................................... 48 I. What is a patent? ................................................................................................... 48 II. The concepts “ordre public” and morality ............................................................ 48 III. Exception to patentability of inventions contrary to “ordre public” or morality 52 a. Belgian Office for Intellectual Property (DIE) ................................................... 60 1) Applications for patent protection at the DIE ............................................. 60 2) Refusals by the DIE ........................................................................................ 61 b. World Intellectual Property Office (WIPO) ....................................................... 61 1) Applications for patent protection at WIPO ................................................ 61 2) Refusals by WIPO .......................................................................................... 62 c. European Patent Office (EPO) ........................................................................... 63 1) Applications for patent protection at EPO ................................................... 63 2)