ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ Cameroon-Nigeria-Italy scientific cooperation: veterinary public health and sustainable food safety to promote “one health/one prevention” Edited by Chiara Frazzoli (a), Emmanuel Acha Asongalem (b) and Orish Ebere Orisakwe (c) (a) Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy (b) Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon (c) Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria ISSN 1123-3117 Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49 Istituto Superiore di Sanità Cameroon-Nigeria-Italy scientific cooperation: veterinary public health and sustainable food safety to promote “one health/one prevention”. Edited by Chiara Frazzoli, Emmanuel Acha Asongalem and Orish Ebere Orisakwe 2012, vi, 198 p. Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49 Sub-Saharan Africa has often adopted a short-term view of human development relying on external financial support, whereas limited resources are invested in scientific research, technology, prevention and innovation as drivers of social and economic growth and long-term sustainable development. In a continent where products of animal origin have become fundamental in human diet, veterinary public health and food safety are called to face toxicological risk factors related to food-chain contamination, in particular those triggering poor health burden through vertical (mother to child) exposure. This report summarizes the current items of the Cameroon-Nigeria-Italy experience of scientific cooperation pivoting on a network crosscutting public institutions, universities, NGOs and social, professional and scientific organizations. The network promotes a “social toxicology” based on the proactive capability of local communities to widen the field of international cooperation to the prevention early in life of chronic multi-factorial diseases. This will contribute towards the mitigation of infant morbidity and mortality, the increase of healthy life expectancy in children and adults as well as the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Key words: Toxicology; Transgenerational exposure; Traslational prevention Istituto Superiore di Sanità Cooperazione scientifica Camerun-Nigeria-Italia: la sanità pubblica veterinaria e la sicurezza alimentare sostenibile per la promozione della “one health/one prevention”. A cura di Chiara Frazzoli, Emmanuel Acha Asongalem e Orish Ebere Orisakwe 2012, vi, 198 p. Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49 (in inglese) L’Africa sub-sahariana ha spesso adottato una visione a breve termine dello sviluppo umano, ricorrendo al sostegno economico esterno e investendo poco in ricerca scientifica, tecnologia, prevenzione e innovazione come propulsori di crescita sociale ed economica e sviluppo sostenibile a lungo termine. In un continente in cui i prodotti di origine animale sono diventati fondamentali nella dieta, la sanità pubblica veterinaria e la sicurezza alimentare sono chiamate ad affrontare i fattori di rischio tossicologici della contaminazione delle filiere alimentari, in particolare quelli rilevanti per la salute della generazione futura. Il rapporto riepiloga gli elementi dell’esperienza di cooperazione scientifica Camerun-Nigeria-Italia imperniata su un network trasversale fra istituzioni pubbliche, università e organizzazioni sociali, professionali e scientifiche. Il network promuove una “tossicologia sociale” basata sulla capacità proattiva delle comunità locali per ampliare il campo della cooperazione internazionale alla prevenzione dei fattori precoci di rischio delle malattie multifattoriali croniche. Ciò contribuirà all’attenuazione della morbilità e mortalità infantile e all’incremento dell’aspettativa di vita in salute di bambini e adulti, nonché al raggiungimento dei Millennium Development Goals. Parole chiave: Tossicologia; Esposizione transgenerazionale; Prevenzione traslazionale This report stems from the activities of the ‘Nutrition & food safety and wholesomeness. Prevention, education and research Network’ (Noodles.onlus, www.noodlesonlus.org). Per informazioni su questo documento scrivere a: [email protected] Il rapporto è accessibile online dal sito di questo Istituto: www.iss.it. Citare questo documento come segue: Frazzoli C, Asongalem EA, Orisakwe OE (Ed.). Cameroon-Nigeria-Italy scientific cooperation: veterinary public health and sustainable food safety to promote “one health/one prevention”. Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità; 2012. (Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49). Presidente dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanità e Direttore responsabile: Enrico Garaci Registro della Stampa - Tribunale di Roma n. 131/88 del 1° marzo 1988 Redazione: Paola De Castro, Sara Modigliani e Sandra Salinetti La responsabilità dei dati scientifici e tecnici è dei singoli autori. © Istituto Superiore di Sanità 2012 viale Regina Elena, 299 – 00161 Roma Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface on the Italian scientific cooperation in Cameroon........................................... iii Preface on the Italian scientific cooperation in Nigeria ................................................ v Introduction Chiara Frazzoli, Emmanuel Acha Asongalem, Orish Ebere Orisakwe ............................................ 1 PART A Conceptual framework Scientific research in veterinary public health and food safety as driver for development Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Emmanuel Acha Asongalem, Chiara Frazzoli....................................... 7 Toxicology in Africa Orish Ebere Orisakwe................................................................................................................. 12 Sustainable food safety and trans-generational health outcomes in developing economies Chiara Frazzoli, Stefano Lorenzetti, Alberto Mantovani............................................................ 27 Food security and food safety: health indicators and ethical issues Michele Farisco, Carlo Petrini ................................................................................................... 34 Transgenerational burden of endocrine disrupting chemicals: a rising global problem Stefano Lorenzetti, Chinna Nneka Orish..................................................................................... 45 Feed for food: feed components at the food security-food safety interface Alberto Mantovani ...................................................................................................................... 52 Trade not aid: challenges for market drivers of safe foods in Africa Chiara Frazzoli ........................................................................................................................... 60 Biosensoristic devices: monitoring and diagnostics in agro-zootechnical productions Roberto Dragone, Gerardo Grasso ............................................................................................ 70 Biomonitoring of modern environmental hazards in Africa Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Chinna Nneka Orish.............................................................................. 78 Plants as source of detoxifying agents and nutraceuticals in Africa Assob Nguedia Jules Clement, Asongalem Emmanuel Acha, Ngounou Elionore ....................... 85 Community health risk perception, behavioral exposure and risk communication Wilfred Angie Abia, Guy Bertrand Pouokam.............................................................................. 97 i Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49 PART B African scenarios: case studies Potable water supply and environmental pollution in South-South Nigeria: a bird’s eye-view Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Chiara Frazzoli ..................................................................................... 107 Solid waste and waste management issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: a focus on Nigeria Orish Ebere Orisakwe, Chiara Frazzoli ..................................................................................... 115 Food security in Cameroon and Nigeria: animal production and animal health Giorgio Antonio Presicce............................................................................................................ 122 Risks to benefits of local foods: the case of red palm oil in Cameroon Wilfred A. Abia............................................................................................................................ 132 How to improve safety and nutritional security of raw ingredients: the case of sorghum Ilaria Proietti .............................................................................................................................. 143 Cameroonian cooking methods, ingredients, recipes and diet, and their relapsing on prevention of disease burden Elie Fokou, Mercy B. Achu ......................................................................................................... 149 Dietary exposure to pesticide residues, minerals and heavy metals: the Cameroonian total diet studies Marie Madeleine Gimou ............................................................................................................. 154 Contamination of herbal supplements and pediatric syrups: Nigeria case study Orish Ebere Orisakwe................................................................................................................. 158 Effects of Cameroonian folk natural substances, nutraceuticals and foods on pre-, peri- and post- gestation Asongalem Emmanuel Acha, Assob Jules Clement Nguedia....................................................... 166 Dumping of banned baby bottles from advanced economies: an overlooked hazard for African infants? Guy Bertrand Pouokam, Godwin Chukwuebuka